What does the Alpha-Fetoprotein test measure?

Why is Alpha-Fetoprotein measured?

AFP is a tumour marker for hepatocellular carcinoma and non-seminomatous germ-cell tumours (yolk-sac tumour, embryonal carcinoma, mixed germ-cell tumours). Elevated concentrations are seen in active hepatocellular carcinoma, where AFP is used alongside imaging for surveillance in cirrhosis and to monitor therapy response. In testicular and ovarian germ-cell tumours, AFP is measured with beta-hCG and LDH as part of staging and risk stratification. Modest elevations occur in non-malignant liver disease (acute and chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis) and during pregnancy, so clinical context and trends are essential to interpretation.

Reference ranges

Standard reference

Typically <10 ng/mL in non-pregnant adults; paediatric and neonatal levels are substantially higher and decline over the first year of life.

Functional medicine optimal

In the context of cancer surveillance or follow-up, practitioners aim for AFP to remain below the laboratory's upper reference limit (commonly <10 ng/mL) and to fall appropriately after treatment; persistently elevated or rising AFP prompts imaging or reconsideration of therapy.

Units

ng/mL, µg/L, IU/mL

Reference ranges vary by laboratory and assay platform. Interpret in context of the issuing laboratory's stated range.