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clinical lab test references

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Biomarker Library

What clinical biomarkers can practitioners reference on BiomarkersLabs.com?

BiomarkersLabs.com maintains a structured reference library of clinical biomarkers measured across its laboratory test catalog. Each biomarker page provides physiology, reference ranges, clinical relevance, and the tests that measure it — sourced from CLIA-certified laboratories and curated for licensed healthcare practitioners.

Biomarkers: 956
Comprehensive Tier: 956
Editorial Curated: 1
Avg Tests/Biomarker: 2

Featured

Comprehensive biomarker references

1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D

1,25(OH)₂D

Calcitriol is the hormonally active form of vitamin D, synthesised in the renal tubules by 1α-hydroxylase from 25-hydroxyvitamin D. Its primary function is to maintain calcium and phosphate homoeostasis by increasing intestinal absorption of calcium, promoting renal calcium reabsorption, and mobilising calcium from bone in conjunction with parathyroid hormone. Calcitriol is tightly regulated by parathyroid hormone, fibroblast growth factor 23, calcium, and phosphate concentrations, and its circulating half-life is only a few hours. Serum calcitriol levels may be normal or even elevated despite vitamin D deficiency, because secondary hyperparathyroidism drives 1α-hydroxylase activity to sustain calcium absorption.

Tests: 2 tests
Reference range: Approximately 18–72 pg/mL (43–172 pmol/L); assay- and laboratory-specific.

1,5-Anhydroglucitol

1,5-AG

1,5-Anhydroglucitol is a dietary polyol structurally similar to glucose, absorbed from food and maintained at relatively constant plasma concentrations through glomerular filtration and near-complete tubular reabsorption. When plasma glucose exceeds the renal threshold (approximately 10 mmol/L or 180 mg/dL), glucose competes with 1,5-AG for reabsorption in the proximal tubule, leading to urinary loss of 1,5-AG. Because 1,5-AG has a circulating half-life of several days and dietary intake is steady, its serum concentration inversely reflects the frequency and severity of postprandial or intermittent hyperglycaemia over the preceding one to two weeks.

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Typically ≥10 µg/mL; lower values indicate recent hyperglycaemic excursions.

16α-Hydroxyestrone

16α-OHE1

16α-Hydroxyestrone is produced by CYP3A4-mediated 16α-hydroxylation of estrone. It retains significant oestrogenic activity and can form covalent adducts with the oestrogen receptor, resulting in prolonged receptor occupancy. Observational studies have linked higher 16α-OHE1 or a lower 2:16α ratio to greater proliferative signalling in breast tissue.

Tests: 3 tests
Reference range: Premenopausal 3–12 ng/mg Cr; postmenopausal 2–8 ng/mg Cr. Method- and laboratory-specific.

16α-Hydroxyestrone

16α-OH-E1

16α-Hydroxyestrone is produced by cytochrome P450 3A4 and other enzymes via hydroxylation at the C16α position. It retains significant oestrogenic potency, binds covalently to the oestrogen receptor, and stimulates cellular proliferation more persistently than parent oestrogens.

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Method-specific; premenopausal 2–15, postmenopausal 1–8 ng/mg creatinine (approximate).

16α-Hydroxyestrone

16α-OHE1

16α-Hydroxyestrone is formed by CYP3A4-mediated 16α-hydroxylation of oestrone. Unlike the catechol metabolites, it retains full oestrogenic potency, binds the oestrogen receptor avidly, and is not readily inactivated, giving it prolonged biological activity. It can form covalent DNA adducts and has been termed a 'high-risk' or 'proliferative' metabolite in the functional-medicine literature.

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Premenopausal 1–10 ng/24hr; postmenopausal 0.5–5 ng/24hr; method- and laboratory-specific.

16α-Hydroxyestrone (dried urine, GCMS)

16α-OHE1

16α-Hydroxyestrone is formed by CYP3A4-mediated hydroxylation at C-16. It is a potent oestrogen that binds covalently to the oestrogen receptor, creating a long-lived receptor–ligand complex that drives sustained transcriptional activity and cellular proliferation.

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Laboratory-specific; interpreted relative to 2-OHE1.

All biomarkers (A–Z)

#

1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D

1,25(OH)₂D

Tests: 2 tests
Reference range: Approximately 18–72 pg/mL (43–172 pmol/L); assay- and laboratory-specific.

1,5-Anhydroglucitol

1,5-AG

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Typically ≥10 µg/mL; lower values indicate recent hyperglycaemic excursions.

16α-Hydroxyestrone

16α-OHE1

Tests: 3 tests
Reference range: Premenopausal 3–12 ng/mg Cr; postmenopausal 2–8 ng/mg Cr. Method- and laboratory-specific.

16α-Hydroxyestrone

16α-OH-E1

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Method-specific; premenopausal 2–15, postmenopausal 1–8 ng/mg creatinine (approximate).

16α-Hydroxyestrone

16α-OHE1

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Premenopausal 1–10 ng/24hr; postmenopausal 0.5–5 ng/24hr; method- and laboratory-specific.

16α-Hydroxyestrone (dried urine, GCMS)

16α-OHE1

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Laboratory-specific; interpreted relative to 2-OHE1.

17-Hydroxyprogesterone

17-OHP

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Luteal phase adult women approximately 50–250 ng/dL; follicular phase <80 ng/dL; post-menopause <51 ng/dL; males <220 ng/dL. Neonatal values are markedly higher and decline over the first week of life.

17-Hydroxyprogesterone

17-OHP

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Follicular phase <200 ng/dL, luteal phase <285 ng/dL, postmenopausal <51 ng/dL; prepubertal children <100 ng/dL. Values are sex-, age-, menstrual phase-, and assay-dependent.

2-Hydroxyestradiol

2-OHE2

Tests: 2 tests
Reference range: Dried urine: proprietary method-specific intervals; no consensus clinical reference.

2-Hydroxyestradiol (dried urine, GCMS)

2-OHE2

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Method-specific; typically low and interpreted alongside 2-OHE1.

2-Hydroxyestrone

2-OHE1

Tests: 4 tests
Reference range: Premenopausal 5–30 ng/mg Cr; postmenopausal 3–15 ng/mg Cr. Method- and laboratory-specific.

2-Hydroxyestrone

2-OH-E1

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Method-specific; premenopausal 2–20, postmenopausal 1–10 ng/mg creatinine (approximate).

2-Hydroxyestrone : 16α-Hydroxyestrone Ratio

2:16α ratio

Tests: 2 tests
Reference range: Typically reported as >2.0 favourable; 1.0–2.0 intermediate; <1.0 unfavourable. Interpretive framework is method- and context-dependent.

2-Hydroxyestrone : 16α-Hydroxyestrone Ratio

2:16α-OH-E1

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Method-specific; ratios >2.0 are often considered favourable in functional models.

2-Hydroxyestrone : 16α-Hydroxyestrone Ratio

2:16α Ratio

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Typically 1.0–3.0; higher values considered more favourable in functional medicine; method- and laboratory-specific.

2-Hydroxyestrone : 4-Hydroxyestrone Ratio

2:4 Ratio

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Typically >5; higher values considered more favourable; method- and laboratory-specific.

2-Hydroxyestrone (dried urine, GCMS)

2-OHE1

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Laboratory- and population-specific; interpreted as ratio to 16α-OHE1 and parent oestrogens.

2-Methoxyestradiol (dried urine, GCMS)

2-MeOE2

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Very low; method-specific.

2-Methoxyestrone

2-MeOE1

Tests: 4 tests
Reference range: Premenopausal 2–10 ng/mg Cr; postmenopausal 1–5 ng/mg Cr. Method- and laboratory-specific.

2-Methoxyestrone

2-MeOE1

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Method-specific; premenopausal 1–10, postmenopausal 0.5–5 ng/mg creatinine (approximate).

24-Hour Urinary Calcium Excretion

UCa

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Approximately 100–300 mg/24 h (2.5–7.5 mmol/24 h); sex- and diet-dependent.

24-Hour Urinary Chloride Excretion

UCl

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Approximately 110–250 mmol/24 h in adults on a typical Western diet; intake-dependent and laboratory-specific.

24-Hour Urine Albumin Excretion

UAE

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: <30 mg/24 h in healthy adults.

24-Hour Urine Chloride

UCl

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: 110–250 mmol/24 h, diet-dependent.

24-Hour Urine Creatinine

UCr

Tests: 2 tests
Reference range: Approximately 800–2,000 mg/24 h in men and 600–1,600 mg/24 h in women; dependent on muscle mass, age, and laboratory.

25-Hydroxyvitamin D

25(OH)D

Tests: 2 tests
Reference range: Sufficiency typically defined as ≥30 ng/mL (75 nmol/L); 20–29 ng/mL considered insufficient, <20 ng/mL deficient.

25-Hydroxyvitamin D, Total

25(OH)D

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Deficiency <50 nmol/L (<20 ng/mL); insufficiency 50–74 nmol/L (20–29 ng/mL); sufficiency ≥75 nmol/L (≥30 ng/mL). Laboratory-specific thresholds may vary.

25-Hydroxyvitamin D, Total (D2 + D3)

25-OH Vit D

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Deficient: <20 ng/mL (<50 nmol/L); Insufficient: 20–29 ng/mL; Sufficient: 30–100 ng/mL; Toxic: >100 ng/mL # REVIEWER FLAG: Vitamin D sufficiency threshold is contested — Endocrine Society defines sufficiency as >30 ng/mL, Institute of Medicine as >20 ng/mL. Confirm Access Medical Laboratories threshold and flag the guideline discordance inline.

25-Hydroxyvitamin D, Total (D2 + D3)

25-OH-D

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Sufficiency: 30–100 ng/mL (75–250 nmol/L); insufficiency: 20–29 ng/mL (50–74 nmol/L); deficiency: <20 ng/mL (<50 nmol/L) # REVIEWER FLAG: Sufficiency threshold is contested — Endocrine Society uses 30 ng/mL while the Institute of Medicine uses 20 ng/mL. Reviewer to confirm the threshold framing adopted by BiomarkersLabs.com.

25-Hydroxyvitamin D2

25(OH)D2

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Varies by assay; typically minimal unless ergocalciferol supplementation or fortified-food intake is present.

25-Hydroxyvitamin D2 (Ergocalciferol)

25-OH-D2

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Reported as the D2 fraction of total 25-OH-D; isolated D2 is normally low or undetectable unless ergocalciferol is supplemented.

25-Hydroxyvitamin D3

25(OH)D3

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Varies by assay; typically accounts for the majority of total 25(OH)D in most populations.

25-Hydroxyvitamin D3 (Cholecalciferol)

25-OH-D3

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Reported as the D3 fraction of total 25-OH-D; D3 is the dominant endogenous vitamer from cutaneous synthesis and most over-the-counter supplements.

4-Hydroxyestradiol (dried urine, GCMS)

4-OHE2

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Very low; method- and laboratory-specific.

4-Hydroxyestrone

4-OHE1

Tests: 4 tests
Reference range: Premenopausal 1–5 ng/mg Cr; postmenopausal 0.5–3 ng/mg Cr. Method- and laboratory-specific.

4-Hydroxyestrone

4-OH-E1

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Method-specific; typically <2 ng/mg creatinine in most reference populations.

4-Hydroxyestrone (dried urine, GCMS)

4-OHE1

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Typically lower than 2-OHE1; laboratory-specific intervals.

4-Methoxyestradiol (dried urine, GCMS)

4-MeOE2

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Very low; laboratory-specific.

4-Methoxyestrone

4-MeOE1

Tests: 3 tests
Reference range: Dried urine: proprietary method-specific intervals; no consensus clinical reference.

4-Methoxyestrone

4-MeOE1

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Method-specific; typically <1 ng/mg creatinine in most populations.

β-Phenylethylamine (PEA), 24-Hour Urine

PEA

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: # REVIEWER FLAG: Confirm Doctor's Data reference range for urinary PEA — PEA is present at trace concentrations in urine and reference intervals vary significantly by assay platform and detection method.

β-Phenylethylamine (PEA), Urine

PEA

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: # REVIEWER FLAG: Confirm Sanesco reference range for urinary PEA — PEA is present at trace concentrations in urine; reference intervals are highly platform-specific and detection-method-dependent.

A

Activated Protein C-Resistance Ratio

APCR

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: ≥2.0 (method-dependent); ratio <2.0 suggests resistance.

Additional Toxic Elements (e.g. aluminium, antimony, barium, nickel, thallium, uranium)

Other elements

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Reported against per-element reference intervals # REVIEWER FLAG: Confirm the full element list and ranges with Doctor's Data.

Adiponectin

ADPN

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Approximately 3–30 µg/mL, sex- and assay-specific; women typically higher than men.

ADMA/SDMA Ratio

ADMA:SDMA

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Approximately 0.90–1.20; context-dependent and not universally standardised.

Adrenaline

EPI

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Laboratory-specific; typically 2–20 µg/g creatinine for random urine.

Adrenaline

EPI

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Laboratory-specific; typically 5–20 µg/mg creatinine.

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone

ACTH

Tests: 2 tests
Reference range: Approximately 6–50 pg/mL (1.3–11 pmol/L) in morning samples; time- and assay-dependent.

Aflatoxin M1

AFM1

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: <0.50 ng/mg creatinine

Aflatoxins (B1, B2, G1, G2, M1)

AFLA

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Below assay detection threshold considered normal # REVIEWER FLAG: Confirm RealTime detection limit and any tiered cut-offs.

Aflatoxins (B1, G1, G2, M1), Urine

AFB1, AFG1, AFG2, AFM1

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: # REVIEWER FLAG: Confirm Mosaic Diagnostics reference ranges for individual aflatoxin species — confirm whether all four aflatoxin metabolites are measured discretely or whether a combined aflatoxin value is reported. Aflatoxin M1 is the hydroxylated metabolite of AFB1 and the primary urinary biomarker of aflatoxin B1 exposure; confirm whether AFM1 is the primary aflatoxin analyte in the urinary panel.

Afternoon Cortisol

C-PM

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Laboratory-specific; typically 3–10 nmol/L in saliva in the afternoon.

Akkermansia muciniphila

A. muciniphila

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Reported as relative abundance against the laboratory's adult reference distribution; frequently a low-proportion taxon even in healthy adults.

Alanine Aminotransferase

ALT

Tests: 5 tests
Reference range: Approximately 10–40 U/L in men and 7–35 U/L in women; assay- and population-dependent.

Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT, SGPT)

ALT

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Male: 7–56 U/L; Female: 7–35 U/L # REVIEWER FLAG: Confirm Quest Diagnostics sex-specific reference ranges for ALT — there is significant debate about the appropriate upper limit for females, with Prati et al. (NEJM 2002) proposing sex-specific limits of 30 U/L for males and 19 U/L for females as more sensitive for early liver disease; confirm whether Quest applies sex-specific ALT ranges and their specific upper limits.

Albumin

Alb

Tests: 3 tests
Reference range: 35–50 g/L (3.5–5.0 g/dL), age- and assay-specific.

Albumin-to-Creatinine Ratio

ACR

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Normal <30 mg/g; moderately increased albuminuria (formerly 'microalbuminuria') 30–300 mg/g; severely increased albuminuria (formerly 'macroalbuminuria') ≥300 mg/g.

Albumin, Serum

Alb

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: 3.5–5.0 g/dL (35–50 g/L) # REVIEWER FLAG: Confirm Quest Diagnostics reference range for serum albumin — the lower limit of 3.5 g/dL is consistent across most platforms; confirm Quest's specific values.

Albumin:Globulin Ratio

A:G

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Approximately 1.0–2.5; varies by laboratory.

Aldosterone

ALDO

Tests: 2 tests
Reference range: Upright (2 h standing): approximately 3–35 ng/dL; supine (morning): approximately 1–16 ng/dL. Position-dependent and assay-specific.

Aldosterone/Plasma Renin Activity Ratio

ARR

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: ARR >20–30 (units ng/dL per ng/mL/h) is typically the threshold for further evaluation; cut-off varies by assay and guideline.

Alkaline Phosphatase

ALP

Tests: 4 tests
Reference range: Approximately 30–120 U/L in adults, age-, sex-, and laboratory-specific. Paediatric and adolescent ranges are higher.

Allotetrahydrocortisol

allo-THF

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Laboratory-specific; typically 600–2000 µg/24 h.

Almond Specific IgE

f20 Almond sIgE

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Class 0 (<0.35 kU/L) negative; Classes 1–6 semiquantitative.

Alpha Diversity (Shannon Index)

Shannon H'

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Reported as a within-sample diversity score positioned against the laboratory's adult reference cohort (commonly expressed as a percentile band rather than a fixed cut-off).

Alpha-Amylase

AMY

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: 30–110 U/L (0.50–1.85 µkat/L)

Alpha-Fetoprotein

AFP

Tests: 2 tests
Reference range: Typically <10 ng/mL in non-pregnant adults; paediatric and neonatal levels are substantially higher and decline over the first year of life.

Alternaria alternata IgE

Alt a IgE

Tests: 5 tests
Reference range: <0.35 kU/L considered negative; ≥0.35 kU/L positive, with class grades 0–6 reflecting increasing antibody concentration.

Alternaria alternata IgG antibody

Alt alt IgG

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Negative or low; laboratory-specific cut-off.

Alternaria species

Alternaria spp.

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Background levels typically <5 spores/mg; elevated >10 spores/mg.

Aluminium

Al

Tests: 2 tests
Reference range: Typically <10 µg/L in individuals with normal renal function and no known exposure; whole-blood and serum intervals differ slightly by matrix and platform.

Aluminium (Blood)

Al

Tests: 2 tests
Reference range: Background population typically <10 µg/L; higher values may be seen with occupational exposure or contaminated dialysate.

Aluminium (Hair)

Al

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Typically <7–8 µg/g; laboratory reference intervals reflect population distributions rather than toxicity thresholds.

Aluminium (Urine)

Al

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: <20–30 µg/g creatinine (general population)

Aluminum (Al), Urine, Random

Al

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: <15 µg/g creatinine # REVIEWER FLAG: Confirm Mosaic Diagnostics reference range for urinary aluminum. Reference values vary substantially across laboratories and population datasets. Some functional medicine frameworks use a lower threshold of <10 µg/g creatinine.

Amino Acid and Metabolite Status (e.g. asparagine, glutamine, serine; carnitine, choline, inositol)

Amino Acids / Metabolites

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Reported as a functional classification rather than a concentration # REVIEWER FLAG: Functional amino-acid and metabolite classifications are proprietary — reviewer to confirm reported analytes.

Amino Acid Metabolite Markers — Organic Acid Derivatives of Key Amino Acids

AA Metabolites

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: # REVIEWER FLAG: Confirm Mosaic Diagnostics reference ranges for amino acid-derived organic acid markers — including phenylpyruvic acid, phenyllactic acid (phenylalanine metabolism — elevated in PKU), homogentisic acid (tyrosine catabolism — elevated in alkaptonuria), succinylacetone (tyrosine catabolism — elevated in hereditary tyrosinaemia type 1), 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid, methylsuccinic acid, and glutaric acid (glutaric aciduria types 1 and 2). Reference intervals are specific to Mosaic's population dataset.

Amino Acids (essential, non-essential, and intermediary metabolites)

Amino Acids

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Reported per analyte against method-specific intervals (plasma and/or urine depending on the profile ordered) # REVIEWER FLAG: Amino-acid intervals are specimen- and method-specific — reviewer to confirm which specimen type is used and the reported analytes.

Amino Acids (Plasma)

AA

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Per-amino-acid reference intervals # REVIEWER FLAG: Confirm Genova ranges.

Anaplasma phagocytophilum DNA

A. phagocytophilum DNA

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Not Detected

Androgen Metabolites (DHEA-S, Testosterone, 5a-DHT metabolites, Androsterone, Etiocholanolone)

Androgens

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Sex- and method-specific dried-urine intervals reported per metabolite # REVIEWER FLAG: Androgen-metabolite reference intervals are sex-specific and proprietary — reviewer to confirm against the laboratory's current intervals.

Androstenedione

A4

Tests: 2 tests
Reference range: Adult males approximately 40–150 ng/dL; adult females 30–200 ng/dL (follicular), higher values during ovulation; prepubertal children <50 ng/dL. Values are sex-, age-, and assay-dependent.

Androstenedione (urinary metabolites)

A4

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Laboratory-specific; typically 5–100 µg/g creatinine for adult women.

Anti-CBir1 Flagellin IgG

anti-CBir1

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Laboratory-specific; typically <50 AU negative, ≥50 AU positive.

Anti-Centromere Antibody

ACA

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: <20 units negative; ≥20 units positive (method-dependent).

Anti-Centromere B Antibody

Anti-CENP-B

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: <1.0 AI (negative); ≥1.0 AI (positive) # REVIEWER FLAG: Confirm cut-off and reporting format with Access Medical Laboratories.

Anti-Chromatin (Nucleosome) Antibody

Anti-Chromatin

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: <1.0 AI (negative); ≥1.0 AI (positive) # REVIEWER FLAG: Confirm cut-off and reporting format with Access Medical Laboratories.

Anti-Chromatin (Nucleosome) Antibody

Anti-Chromatin

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: <20 units negative; ≥20 units positive (method-dependent).

Anti-Deoxyribonuclease B Antibody

Anti-DNase B

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Typically <170–340 U/mL or titre <1:170 in adults; paediatric thresholds higher (often <480 U/mL). Assay-specific.

Anti-Double-Stranded DNA Antibody

Anti-dsDNA

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: <30 IU/mL negative; 30–75 IU/mL equivocal; >75 IU/mL positive (assay-dependent).

Anti-Double-Stranded DNA Antibody (IgG)

Anti-dsDNA IgG

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: <10 IU/mL (negative); 10–15 IU/mL (borderline); >15 IU/mL (positive) # REVIEWER FLAG: Confirm Access Medical Laboratories cut-off values and borderline range — thresholds vary between assay platforms. WHO international standard IU/mL is the preferred unit; verify whether Access Medical Laboratories reports in IU/mL or as an index value.

Anti-Histone Antibody

Anti-Histone

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: <1.0 AI (negative); ≥1.0 AI (positive) # REVIEWER FLAG: Confirm cut-off and reporting format with Access Medical Laboratories — some platforms report in units/mL.

Anti-Histone Antibody

Anti-Histone

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: <20 units negative; ≥20 units positive (method-dependent).

Anti-Jo-1 (Histidyl-tRNA Synthetase) Antibody

Anti-Jo-1

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: <1.0 AI (negative); ≥1.0 AI (positive) # REVIEWER FLAG: Confirm cut-off and reporting format with Access Medical Laboratories.

Anti-Jo-1 Antibody (Anti-Histidyl-tRNA Synthetase)

Anti-Jo-1

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: <20 units negative; ≥20 units positive (method-dependent).

Anti-Liver-Kidney Microsomal Antibodies

Anti-LKM

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Negative; titre <1:40.

Anti-Mitochondrial Antibodies

AMA

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Negative; titre <1:40 or <20 U/mL depending on assay.

Anti-Müllerian Hormone

AMH

Tests: 2 tests
Reference range: Age-dependent; peak reproductive years approximately 1.0–4.0 ng/mL, declining with age. Premenopausal <0.16 ng/mL typically signals very low ovarian reserve.

Anti-Müllerian Hormone

AMH

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Adult male approximately 0.7–20 ng/mL; prepubertal boys typically higher (>30 ng/mL); assay- and age-specific.

Anti-Müllerian Hormone (Capillary Dried Blood Spot)

AMH (DBS)

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Age-stratified, method- and matrix-specific dried-blood-spot interval reported by ZRT Laboratory.

Anti-Ribonucleoprotein Antibody

Anti-RNP

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: <20 units negative; ≥20 units positive (method-dependent).

Anti-Ribosomal P Antibody

Anti-Ribosomal P

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: <20 units negative; ≥20 units positive (method-dependent).

Anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae IgA

ASCA IgA

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: <25 EU/mL negative; ≥25 EU/mL positive.

Anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae IgG

ASCA IgG

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: <25 EU/mL negative; ≥25 EU/mL positive.

Anti-Scl-70 (Topoisomerase I) Antibody

Anti-Scl-70

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: <1.0 AI (negative); ≥1.0 AI (positive) # REVIEWER FLAG: Confirm cut-off and reporting format with Access Medical Laboratories.

Anti-Scl-70 Antibody (Anti-Topoisomerase I)

Anti-Scl-70

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: <20 units negative; ≥20 units positive (method-dependent).

Anti-Smith Antibody

Anti-Sm

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: <1.0 AI (negative); ≥1.0 AI (positive) # REVIEWER FLAG: Confirm reporting format and cut-off with Access Medical Laboratories — some platforms report as AI, others qualitatively as positive/negative, and some in units/mL.

Anti-Smith Antibody

Anti-Sm

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: <20 units negative; ≥20 units positive (method-dependent).

Anti-Smooth Muscle Antibodies

ASMA

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Negative; titre <1:40.

Anti-Soluble Liver Antigen / Liver-Pancreas Antibodies

Anti-SLA/LP

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Negative; <20 U/mL or titre <1:20 depending on assay.

Anti-SSA/Ro 52 kDa Antibody (TRIM21)

Anti-Ro52

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: <1.0 AI (negative); ≥1.0 AI (positive) # REVIEWER FLAG: Confirm whether Access Medical Laboratories reports Ro52 as a discrete component or combines it with Ro60 as a single SSA result — panel composition varies between laboratories and this distinction has direct clinical implications.

Anti-SSA/Ro 60 kDa Antibody

Anti-Ro60

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: <1.0 AI (negative); ≥1.0 AI (positive) # REVIEWER FLAG: Confirm with Access Medical Laboratories whether Ro52 and Ro60 are reported on the same scale and whether the panel distinguishes them as separate components or reports a combined SSA result.

Anti-SSA/Ro Antibody

Anti-SSA/Ro

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: <20 units negative; ≥20 units positive (method-dependent).

Anti-SSB/La Antibody

Anti-La

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: <1.0 AI (negative); ≥1.0 AI (positive) # REVIEWER FLAG: Confirm cut-off and reporting format with Access Medical Laboratories.

Anti-SSB/La Antibody

Anti-SSB/La

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: <20 units negative; ≥20 units positive (method-dependent).

Anti-streptolysin O Antibody

ASO

Tests: 2 tests
Reference range: Typically <200 IU/mL in adults, <100 IU/mL in children under five; assay- and age-specific.

Anti-Streptolysin O Antibody

ASO

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: ≤200 IU/mL in adults and school-age children; varies by age and season.

Anti-Tissue Transglutaminase IgA

anti-tTG IgA

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: <20 U/mL negative; 20–30 U/mL equivocal; >30 U/mL positive.

Anti-Tissue Transglutaminase IgG

anti-tTG IgG

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: <20 U/mL negative; 20–30 U/mL equivocal; >30 U/mL positive.

Anti-U1 Ribonucleoprotein Antibody

Anti-RNP

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: <1.0 AI (negative); ≥1.0 AI (positive) # REVIEWER FLAG: Confirm cut-off and reporting format with Access Medical Laboratories.

Anti-β2-Glycoprotein-I Antibody IgG

anti-β2GPI IgG

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Negative or low (<20 SGU); moderate 20–80, high >80

Anti-β2-Glycoprotein-I Antibody IgM

anti-β2GPI IgM

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Negative or low (<20 SMU); moderate 20–80, high >80

Anti–Double-Stranded DNA Antibody

Anti-dsDNA

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Negative (<30 IU/mL, method-dependent).

Anticardiolipin Antibody IgG

aCL IgG

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Negative or low (<20 GPL U/mL); moderate 20–80, high >80

Anticardiolipin Antibody IgM

aCL IgM

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Negative or low (<20 MPL U/mL); moderate 20–80, high >80

Anticardiolipin IgA

aCL IgA

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: <20 APL U/mL negative; 20–80 low-to-moderate positive; >80 high positive.

Anticardiolipin IgG

aCL IgG

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: <20 GPL U/mL negative; 20–80 low-to-moderate positive; >80 high positive.

Anticardiolipin IgM

aCL IgM

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: <20 MPL U/mL negative; 20–80 low-to-moderate positive; >80 high positive.

Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing

AST

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Isolate-specific; reported as susceptible (S), intermediate (I), or resistant (R) to each tested agent according to CLSI or EUCAST interpretive criteria.

Antimony (Hair)

Sb

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Population reference data limited; typically <0.05–0.2 µg/g in non-occupationally exposed groups.

Antimony (Sb), Urine, Random

Sb

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: <0.3 µg/g creatinine # REVIEWER FLAG: Confirm Mosaic Diagnostics reference range for urinary antimony — reference intervals are not widely standardised across population datasets.

Antimony (Urine)

Sb

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: <0.2 µg/g creatinine

Antinuclear Antibodies

ANA

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Negative; titre <1:40.

Antinuclear Antibody

ANA

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Negative; positives reported with a titre (e.g. 1:40, 1:80, 1:160, 1:320) and, by immunofluorescence, a staining pattern # REVIEWER FLAG: Positivity threshold, titre reporting, and whether the screen is by indirect immunofluorescence (IFA) or immunoassay are method-dependent — reviewer to confirm against Access Medical Laboratories' methodology and cut-off.

Antinuclear Antibody Pattern

ANA Pattern

Tests: 3 tests
Reference range: Not applicable; descriptive reporting (homogeneous, speckled, nucleolar, centromere, other).

Antinuclear Antibody Screen

ANA

Tests: 2 tests
Reference range: Negative at 1:40 dilution. Positive results are reflexed to titre and fluorescence pattern.

Antinuclear Antibody Screen by Indirect Immunofluorescence

ANA IFA

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Negative at 1:40 dilution on HEp-2 substrate.

Antinuclear Antibody Titre

ANA

Tests: 2 tests
Reference range: Negative at 1:40 dilution; titres ≥1:80 are considered positive and clinically relevant when correlated with symptoms.

Antithrombin Activity

AT

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Approximately 80–120% of normal pooled plasma activity; assay-dependent.

Antithrombin III Activity

AT III

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Approximately 80–120% of normal pooled plasma activity; neonatal and paediatric ranges differ.

Antithrombin III Antigen

AT III

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Approximately 80–130% activity or 20–30 mg/dL antigen, age- and assay-dependent.

Antithyroglobulin Antibodies

TG Ab

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: <40 IU/mL (negative)

Apo-B/Apo-A-1 Ratio

Apo-B/A-1

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Approximately <0.9 in men, <0.8 in women; varies by population and assay.

APOE ε4 Allele Dosage

ε4 dose

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: A derived value of 0, 1, or 2 copies of the ε4 allele read directly from the genotype: ε4/ε4 carries two copies, ε3/ε4 and ε2/ε4 carry one, and ε2/ε2, ε2/ε3, and ε3/ε3 carry none. Risk associations rise with copy number but are probabilistic, not deterministic.

Apolipoprotein A-1

Apo-A1

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Approximately 120–180 mg/dL in men, 125–200 mg/dL in women; assay- and age-dependent.

Apolipoprotein A-1

ApoA-1

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Approximately >120 mg/dL in men and >140 mg/dL in women; laboratory- and population-specific.

Apolipoprotein A-1

ApoA-1

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Approximately 110–180 mg/dL (1.1–1.8 g/L); women run higher than men and intervals are assay-specific.

Apolipoprotein A-1

Apo-A-1

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Approximately 100–200 mg/dL; lower limits differ by sex (men typically >120 mg/dL, women >140 mg/dL).

Apolipoprotein A1

Apo A1

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Approximately 94–178 mg/dL; varies by sex, age, and laboratory.

Apolipoprotein B

ApoB

Tests: 2 tests
Reference range: Risk-tiered rather than a simple normal range; commonly <90 mg/dL desirable, <80 mg/dL or lower for high-risk patients # REVIEWER FLAG: Apo-B targets are risk-stratified and guideline-dependent — reviewer to confirm Access Medical Laboratories reference and the platform's preferred risk thresholds before publication.

Apolipoprotein B

Apo-B

Tests: 2 tests
Reference range: Approximately 40–125 mg/dL; varies by age, sex, and assay.

Apolipoprotein B

ApoB

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Typically <90 mg/dL (SI <0.9 g/L) desirable; laboratory-specific intervals vary.

Apolipoprotein B to Apolipoprotein A-1 Ratio

ApoB:ApoA-1

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Reported as a unitless ratio; lower values are favourable. Broadly, low-risk roughly <0.7, with higher-risk bands above ~0.9 in men and ~0.8 in women.

Apolipoprotein E Genotype

ApoE

Tests: 4 tests
Reference range: Reported as one of six diploid genotypes assembled from the three common alleles (ε2, ε3, ε4): ε2/ε2, ε2/ε3, ε2/ε4, ε3/ε3, ε3/ε4, or ε4/ε4. ε3/ε3 is the most frequent genotype in most populations. There is no numeric interval and no 'normal versus abnormal' call — each genotype is a fixed, lifelong result carrying a distinct risk profile.

Aquaporin-4 Antibodies IgG

AQP4 IgG

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Laboratory-specific functional threshold; note that clinical-grade cell-based AQP4-IgG assays for neuromyelitis optica are performed separately and are not equivalent to Array 20.

Arsenic

As

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Whole blood arsenic <7 µg/L; speciation distinguishes toxic inorganic from benign organic forms.

Arsenic (Hair)

As

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Commonly <0.08–1.0 µg/g, though reference intervals vary by dietary seafood intake and geographic background.

Arsenic (Urine, Total and Speciated)

As

Tests: 2 tests
Reference range: Reported against reference intervals; speciation distinguishes toxic inorganic from non-toxic organic forms # REVIEWER FLAG: Confirm whether Doctor's Data speciates arsenic on this panel — speciation is essential for interpretation.

Arsenic (Urine)

As

Tests: 3 tests
Reference range: <35 µg/g creatinine # REVIEWER FLAG: Total urinary arsenic is significantly elevated by organic arsenobetaine from seafood consumption — this is non-toxic but substantially inflates total arsenic. Confirm whether Mosaic Diagnostics reports total arsenic, inorganic arsenic fractionation (arsenite, arsenate, MMA, DMA), or both. Inorganic arsenic reference range is substantially lower (typically <10 µg/g creatinine). The clinical distinction between total and inorganic arsenic is critical for result interpretation.

Arsenic, Blood

As

Tests: 3 tests
Reference range: Background typically <7 µg/L; interpretation requires speciation to distinguish inorganic (toxic) from organic arsenicals.

Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C)

Vit C

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: 0.4–2.0 mg/dL (23–114 µmol/L)

Aspartate Aminotransferase

AST

Tests: 5 tests
Reference range: Approximately 10–40 U/L, sex- and laboratory-specific.

Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST, SGOT)

AST

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: 10–40 U/L # REVIEWER FLAG: Confirm Quest Diagnostics reference range for AST and whether sex-specific values are applied. Some platforms use 10–35 U/L (female) and 10–40 U/L (male).

Aspergillus fumigatus IgE

Asp f IgE

Tests: 6 tests
Reference range: <0.35 kU/L is considered negative; 0.35–0.69 kU/L equivocal (class 1); ≥0.70 kU/L positive (classes 2–6), with higher classes reflecting greater sensitisation.

Aspergillus fumigatus IgG antibody

Asp fum IgG

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Negative or low; laboratory-specific cut-off.

Aspergillus niger-specific Immunoglobulin E

m207 IgE

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: <0.10 kU/L (Class 0, undetectable). Class 1 (0.10–0.34) equivocal; Class 2–6 (≥0.35) positive with increasing likelihood of clinical sensitivity.

Aspergillus Species Spore Count

Aspergillus spp.

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Laboratory provides comparative thresholds; no universal environmental limit exists.

Aspergillus versicolor

A. versicolor

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Detection threshold <0.5 spores/mg; elevated risk >1.0 spores/mg.

Asymmetric Dimethylarginine

ADMA

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Approximately 0.40–0.75 µmol/L; population reference intervals vary by assay and cohort.

Atrial Fibrillation Risk Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms

AF SNPs

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Results reported as genotype (e.g. GG, GA, AA) for each interrogated variant; interpretation is risk classification (lower/intermediate/elevated genetic risk) rather than a quantitative concentration.

Aureobasidium pullulans IgE

Aur p IgE

Tests: 2 tests
Reference range: <0.35 kU/L negative; 0.35–0.69 equivocal; ≥0.70 positive.

Awakening Cortisol

C0

Tests: 2 tests
Reference range: Laboratory- and collection-time specific; typically 10–40 nmol/L at waking.

B

B-Vitamin and Cofactor Status Markers — Functional Deficiency Indicators

B-Vitamin Markers

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: # REVIEWER FLAG: Confirm Mosaic Diagnostics reference ranges for the following functional B-vitamin markers: methylmalonic acid (B12 functional marker), xanthurenate and kynurenate (B6/pyridoxal-5-phosphate markers), pantothenate (B5 marker), formiminoglutamic acid / FIGLU (folate marker), N-acetylcysteine (cysteine availability marker), homovanillic acid and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (neurotransmitter metabolite markers — see dedicated neurotransmitter section). Reference intervals are specific to Mosaic Diagnostics' population dataset.

B-Vitamin Functional Status (e.g. B1, B2, B3, B6, B12, folate, biotin, pantothenate)

B-Vitamins

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Reported as a functional classification (e.g. deficient / borderline / adequate) rather than a concentration # REVIEWER FLAG: SpectraCell reports functional intracellular status via a proprietary lymphocyte assay, not concentrations; reference classifications are proprietary — reviewer to confirm the exact analytes reported and how status is defined.

Babesia duncani (WA1) IgG Antibody by ImmunoBlot

B. duncani IgG WB

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Positive: ≥1 specific band reactive per IGeneX positivity criteria; Negative: no reactive bands; Indeterminate: reactive bands not meeting full positivity criteria. # REVIEWER FLAG: Confirm IGeneX's specific Babesia duncani IgG ImmunoBlot band positions, molecular weights, and positivity criteria — B. duncani (formerly classified as WA1) is a distinct piroplasm species from B. microti and its serological testing requires a separate antigen preparation. Verify whether B. duncani is included as a discrete strip or combined within the same panel as B. microti in IGeneX's current assay.

Babesia duncani IgG Antibody

B. duncani IgG

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Negative <1.0; Equivocal 1.0–1.2; Positive >1.2 (IgeneX method-specific).

Babesia duncani IgM Antibody

B. duncani IgM

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Negative <1.0; Equivocal 1.0–1.2; Positive >1.2 (IgeneX method-specific).

Babesia Fluorescence In Situ Hybridisation

Babesia FISH

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Negative (no fluorescent-labelled parasites detected in erythrocytes).

Babesia microti DNA

B. microti DNA

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Not detected in healthy individuals.

Babesia microti IgG Antibody

B. microti IgG

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Negative <1.0; Equivocal 1.0–1.2; Positive >1.2 (IgeneX method-specific).

Babesia microti IgG Antibody by ImmunoBlot

Bb microti IgG WB

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Positive: ≥1 specific band reactive per IGeneX positivity criteria; Negative: no reactive bands; Indeterminate: reactive bands not meeting full positivity criteria. # REVIEWER FLAG: Confirm IGeneX's specific Babesia microti IgG ImmunoBlot band positions, molecular weights, and positivity criteria — IGeneX's expanded band panel and positivity criteria differ from standard CDC IFA methodology and must be verified against IGeneX's current assay documentation. Confirm which bands are designated high-specificity (e.g., BMN antigen bands) versus cross-reactive.

Babesia microti IgG antibody by indirect immunofluorescence assay

B. microti IgG

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Reported as a reciprocal endpoint titre. IgG rises later than IgM and persists for months to years; commonly cited positivity thresholds range from 1:64 to 1:256 depending on the laboratory and the surveillance definition applied. The reactive cut-off and any high-titre threshold are defined by the performing laboratory.

Babesia microti IgM Antibody

B. microti IgM

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Negative <1.0; Equivocal 1.0–1.2; Positive >1.2 (IgeneX method-specific).

Babesia microti IgM antibody by indirect immunofluorescence assay

B. microti IgM

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Reported as a reciprocal endpoint titre against a laboratory-defined cut-off; IgM is treated as a marker of recent or active exposure. Many reference laboratories regard a titre at or above 1:20 as reactive, but the reactive threshold is defined by the performing laboratory.

Babesia Species DNA

Babesia DNA

Tests: 2 tests
Reference range: Not detected

Babesia species DNA by culture-enhanced PCR

Babesia cePCR

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Not detected.

Babesia-specific Immunoglobulin G

Babesia IgG

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Negative (no significant bands); positive defined by presence of IgeneX-proprietary band criteria.

Babesia-specific Immunoglobulin M

Babesia IgM

Tests: 2 tests
Reference range: Negative (no significant bands); positive defined by presence of IgeneX-proprietary band criteria.

Bacterial Taxa Relative Abundance (Phylum, Family, Genus, Species)

Taxa %

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Laboratory-specific reference distributions; high inter-individual variation.

Bacteroides species abundance

Bacteroides %

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Low or absent during early infancy; increases after introduction of complementary foods.

Barium (Ba), Urine, Random

Ba

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: <2.0 µg/g creatinine # REVIEWER FLAG: Confirm Mosaic Diagnostics reference range for urinary barium.

Barium (Urine)

Ba

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: <2 µg/g creatinine

Beneficial Bacteria Relative Abundance

Beneficial spp.

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Age-stratified reference distributions for Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, Akkermansia, and Faecalibacterium; reported as percentile ranks against a paediatric cohort.

Beneficial Bacteria: Bifidobacterium spp.

Bifidobacterium

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Laboratory- and method-specific.

Beneficial Bacteria: Lactobacillus spp.

Lactobacillus

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Laboratory- and method-specific.

Beta Human Chorionic Gonadotrophin

β-hCG

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Negative in non-pregnant individuals; positive when urine hCG concentration exceeds the assay detection threshold, typically 20–25 mIU/mL.

Beta Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (Qualitative)

β-hCG (Qual)

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Not Detected in non-pregnant women and men; Detected in pregnancy and certain pathological states.

Beta-2-Glycoprotein I Antibody, IgA

β2GPI IgA

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: <20 U/mL negative; 20–80 U/mL indeterminate; >80 U/mL positive (assay-dependent).

Beta-2-Glycoprotein I Antibody, IgG

β2GPI IgG

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: <20 U/mL negative; 20–80 U/mL indeterminate; >80 U/mL positive (assay-dependent).

Beta-2-Glycoprotein I Antibody, IgM

β2GPI IgM

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: <20 U/mL negative; 20–80 U/mL indeterminate; >80 U/mL positive (assay-dependent).

Beta-Glucuronidase

β-Gluc

Tests: 2 tests
Reference range: Within laboratory reference interval # REVIEWER FLAG: Confirm Genova range and units.

Bicarbonate (Total CO2)

CO2

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Approximately 22–29 mmol/L (venous total CO2).

Bifidobacterium (genus)

Bifidobacterium

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Relative abundance reported at genus level against the adult reference distribution; abundance normally declines from infancy into adulthood.

Bifidobacterium species abundance

Bifidobacterium %

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Age-dependent; typically >20% in exclusively breastfed infants, lower in formula-fed.

Bioavailable Testosterone

Bio T

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Approximately 131–682 ng/dL (4.5–23.7 nmol/L) in adult men. Laboratory- and age-specific.

Biotin (Vitamin B7)

B7

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Approximately 200–1200 ng/L; assay- and supplementation-dependent.

Bismuth (Bi), Urine, Random

Bi

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: <0.5 µg/g creatinine # REVIEWER FLAG: Confirm Mosaic Diagnostics reference range for urinary bismuth.

Blastocystis hominis

Blastocystis

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Not detected

Blood Urea Nitrogen

BUN

Tests: 5 tests
Reference range: Approximately 7–20 mg/dL (2.5–7.1 mmol/L); age- and hydration-dependent.

Blood Urea Nitrogen

BUN

Tests: 2 tests
Reference range: Approximately 2.5–7.1 mmol/L (7–20 mg/dL), age- and laboratory-specific.

Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN)

BUN

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: 7–20 mg/dL (2.5–7.1 mmol/L) # REVIEWER FLAG: Confirm Quest Diagnostics reference range for BUN — the upper limit varies slightly between platforms (some use 25 mg/dL). Confirm whether Quest applies age-stratified ranges — BUN rises modestly with age as renal mass declines.

Blood-Brain Barrier Integrity IgG

BBB IgG

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Laboratory-specific functional threshold; results reported as low/equivocal/elevated antibody reactivity.

Borrelia burgdorferi IgG Antibody by Western Blot

Bb IgG WB

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: CDC/ASTPHLD positive criteria: ≥5 of 10 specific IgG bands reactive (18, 21, 28, 30, 39, 41, 45, 58, 66, 93 kDa). Negative: <5 bands reactive. Indeterminate: results not meeting positive criteria but with clinical relevance to individual bands. # REVIEWER FLAG: Confirm Immunosciences Lab, Inc. IgG Western Blot band panel composition and positivity criteria — the laboratory may apply expanded band reporting beyond the standard CDC 10-band panel (e.g., inclusion of 31 kDa OspA, 34 kDa OspB). Verify whether their criteria align with or diverge from CDC/ASTPHLD 1994 two-tier standards.

Borrelia burgdorferi IgG by Western Blot

Bb IgG WB

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: ≥5 of 10 bands (CDC criteria: 18, 21, 28, 30, 39, 41, 45, 58, 66, 93 kDa) for positive; some laboratories report expanded or modified band sets.

Borrelia burgdorferi IgM Antibody by Western Blot

Bb IgM WB

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: CDC/ASTPHLD positive criteria: ≥2 of 3 specific IgM bands reactive (23, 39, 41 kDa). Negative: <2 bands reactive. Indeterminate: 1 of 3 bands reactive. # REVIEWER FLAG: Confirm Immunosciences Lab, Inc. IgM Western Blot band panel and positivity criteria — some laboratories apply modified or expanded criteria. The 41 kDa flagellin band is not specific to B. burgdorferi and cross-reacts with other spirochaetes; confirm how Immunosciences Lab handles this in their positivity algorithm.

Borrelia burgdorferi IgM by Western Blot

Bb IgM WB

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: ≥2 of 3 bands (CDC criteria: 23, 39, 41 kDa) for positive; laboratories may report additional bands for clinical context.

Borrelia burgdorferi Immunoglobulin G

B. burgdorferi IgG

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Negative <0.90; equivocal 0.90–1.10; positive >1.10 (laboratory-specific cut-offs).

Borrelia burgdorferi Immunoglobulin M

B. burgdorferi IgM

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Negative <0.90; equivocal 0.90–1.10; positive >1.10 (laboratory-specific cut-offs).

Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato DNA

Bb DNA

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Not detected

Borrelia miyamotoi DNA

Bm DNA

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Not detected

Botrytis cinerea IgE

Bot c IgE

Tests: 2 tests
Reference range: <0.35 kU/L negative; 0.35–0.69 equivocal; ≥0.70 positive.

Breath Hydrogen

H2

Tests: 2 tests
Reference range: A rise of ≥20 ppm above baseline within 90 minutes is consistent with SIBO (North American Consensus) # REVIEWER FLAG: Threshold based on the 2017 North American Consensus and substrate-dependent — reviewer to confirm against Genova's stated criteria and substrate (lactulose vs glucose) before publication.

Breath Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S)

H2S

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Reported against the manufacturer's proprietary threshold; hydrogen sulfide criteria are not established in consensus guidelines and differ from those for hydrogen and methane

Breath Methane

CH4

Tests: 2 tests
Reference range: A level of ≥10 ppm at any point is consistent with methane positivity / intestinal methanogen overgrowth (IMO) # REVIEWER FLAG: Threshold based on the 2017 North American Consensus — reviewer to confirm against Genova's stated criteria.

BUN:Creatinine Ratio

BUN:Cr

Tests: 3 tests
Reference range: 10–20 (dimensionless); calculated as BUN (mg/dL) ÷ creatinine (mg/dL).

C

C-Reactive Protein

CRP

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: <10 mg/L generally normal; higher values indicate active inflammation or infection # REVIEWER FLAG: Standard CRP cut-off is assay-specific — reviewer to confirm Access Medical Laboratories range. Note this is standard CRP, not the high-sensitivity (hs-CRP) assay used for cardiovascular risk.

Cadmium

Cd

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Whole blood cadmium <5 µg/L in non-smokers; smokers often 10–30 µg/L.

Cadmium (Blood)

Cd

Tests: 4 tests
Reference range: Non-smokers typically <1.0 µg/L; smokers 1.0–5.0 µg/L. Levels >5.0 µg/L warrant clinical concern.

Cadmium (Hair)

Cd

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Typically <0.2–0.5 µg/g; smokers and those with occupational exposure show higher levels.

Cadmium (Urine)

Cd

Tests: 2 tests
Reference range: Reported against reference intervals, creatinine-corrected # REVIEWER FLAG: Confirm Doctor's Data range.

Cadmium, Urine

Cd

Tests: 2 tests
Reference range: <0.5 µg/g creatinine # REVIEWER FLAG: Confirm Mosaic Diagnostics reference range for urinary cadmium. WHO occupational threshold is 5 µg/g creatinine; population-based NHANES data places general population values well below 1 µg/g creatinine.

Caesium (Urine)

Cs

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: <5 µg/g creatinine

Calcitonin

CT

Tests: 2 tests
Reference range: Typically <10 pg/mL in women and <15 pg/mL in men on modern two-site immunoassays, with sex-specific partitioning.

Calcium (Total)

Ca

Tests: 4 tests
Reference range: 8.5–10.5 mg/dL (laboratory-specific); approximately 40% is protein-bound (mainly albumin), 10% complexed, and 50% ionised.

Calcium, Adjusted (Corrected for Albumin)

Adj Ca

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Approximately 2.12–2.62 mmol/L (8.5–10.5 mg/dL), post-correction.

Calcium, Serum (Total)

Ca²⁺

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: 8.5–10.2 mg/dL (2.13–2.55 mmol/L) # REVIEWER FLAG: Confirm Quest Diagnostics reference range for serum total calcium — the upper limit varies slightly between laboratories (some use 10.5 mg/dL). Confirm critical value thresholds (<7.0 mg/dL and >12.0 mg/dL). Note that total calcium must be albumin-corrected when albumin is low — corrected calcium = measured calcium + 0.8 × (4.0 − albumin g/dL).

Calcium, Total

Ca

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Approximately 2.12–2.62 mmol/L (8.5–10.5 mg/dL), age- and laboratory-specific.

Campylobacter species

Campylobacter

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Not detected in healthy individuals.

Cancer Antigen 125

CA 125

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: <35 U/mL in most assays; post-menopausal and pre-menopausal thresholds may differ.

Cancer Antigen 15-3

CA 15-3

Tests: 2 tests
Reference range: Typically <30–31 U/mL; assay-dependent.

Cancer Antigen 19-9

CA 19-9

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Typically <37 U/mL; laboratory-specific.

Candida albicans IgG antibody

Candida IgG

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Negative or low; laboratory-specific cut-off.

Candida albicans-specific IgE

Candida IgE

Tests: 2 tests
Reference range: <0.35 kU/L negative; 0.35–0.69 equivocal; ≥0.70 positive.

Candida Antigen (Cell Wall Components)

Candida Ag

Tests: 2 tests
Reference range: Negative or <reference threshold (method-dependent).

Candida IgA Antibody

Candida IgA

Tests: 3 tests
Reference range: Laboratory-specific index; typically <0.9 negative, 0.9–1.1 equivocal, >1.1 positive.

Candida IgG Antibody

Candida IgG

Tests: 3 tests
Reference range: Laboratory-specific index; typically <0.9 negative, 0.9–1.1 equivocal, >1.1 positive.

Candida IgM Antibody

Candida IgM

Tests: 3 tests
Reference range: Laboratory-specific index; typically <0.9 negative, 0.9–1.1 equivocal, >1.1 positive.

Carbohydrate Metabolism and Fatty Acid Status (e.g. chromium, glucose-insulin metabolism markers, oleic acid)

Metabolic / Fatty Acid

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Reported as a functional classification rather than a concentration # REVIEWER FLAG: Functional carbohydrate-metabolism and fatty-acid classifications are proprietary — reviewer to confirm reported analytes and definitions.

Carbohydrate-Deficient Transferrin

CDT

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Typically <1.7–2.0% of total transferrin in adults; assay- and laboratory-specific.

Carbon Dioxide (Bicarbonate), Serum

CO₂ / HCO₃⁻

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: 22–29 mEq/L (22–29 mmol/L) # REVIEWER FLAG: Confirm Quest Diagnostics reference range for total CO2 — values of 22–29 mEq/L are standard; some platforms use 20–31 mEq/L. The serum total CO2 measured in the CMP is 95–99% bicarbonate and 1–5% dissolved CO2 and carbonic acid — it approximates but does not equal arterial bicarbonate.

Carbon Dioxide (Total CO₂/Bicarbonate)

CO₂

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: 22–29 mmol/L (laboratory-specific).

Carbon Dioxide (Total)

CO₂

Tests: 2 tests
Reference range: 22–29 mmol/L; reflects venous bicarbonate plus dissolved CO₂.

Carbon Dioxide, Total (Bicarbonate)

CO₂

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: 22–29 mmol/L, laboratory-specific.

Carcinoembryonic Antigen

CEA

Tests: 2 tests
Reference range: Non-smokers <3.0 ng/mL; smokers <5.0 ng/mL (varies by assay and laboratory).

Cardiometabolic and Lipid Metabolism Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms

APOE, FTO, TCF7L2, PPARG variants

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Genotype at loci associated with lipid transport, insulin sensitivity, and adiposity.

Cardiovascular Genetic Risk Score

CV Risk Score

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Laboratory-specific composite interpretation combining Lp(a) concentration and MTHFR genotype.

Catechol-O-Methyltransferase V158M Polymorphism

COMT V158M

Tests: 2 tests
Reference range: Wild-type (GG, Val/Val), heterozygous (AG, Val/Met), variant (AA, Met/Met)

Catechol-O-Methyltransferase Val158Met Polymorphism

COMT rs4680

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Results reported as GG (Val/Val), GA (Val/Met), or AA (Met/Met); population frequency varies by ancestry.

Catecholamine to Dopamine Ratio

Cat:DA

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Calculated ratio; Sanesco provides interpretive context.

Cellular Energy & Mitochondrial Markers (Krebs cycle)

Energy OA

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Reported against per-marker reference intervals # REVIEWER FLAG: Confirm ranges.

Centromere Protein B Antibody

CENP-B Ab

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Negative <20 AU; equivocal 20–40 AU; positive >40 AU (assay-dependent).

Ceruloplasmin

Cp

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Approximately 20–60 mg/dL in adults; age- and assay-specific.

Chaetomium globosum IgE

Cha g IgE

Tests: 2 tests
Reference range: <0.35 kU/L negative; 0.35–0.69 equivocal; ≥0.70 positive.

Chaetomium species

Chaetomium spp.

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Detection threshold <0.5 spores/mg; elevated risk >1.0 spores/mg.

Chaetomium Species Spore Count

Chaetomium spp.

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Detection suggests water damage; not normally quantifiable indoors.

Cheese Mold Type (f82) Immunoglobulin E

Cheese Mold IgE

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: <0.35 kU/L is considered negative; ≥0.35 kU/L indicates detectable specific IgE.

Chlamydia trachomatis nucleic acid

CT RNA

Tests: 2 tests
Reference range: Not Detected

Chlamydophila pneumoniae IgA

C. pneumoniae IgA

Tests: 2 tests
Reference range: Negative <0.90; Equivocal 0.90–1.10; Positive >1.10 (index values, assay-dependent).

Chlamydophila pneumoniae IgG

C. pneumoniae IgG

Tests: 2 tests
Reference range: Negative <0.90; Equivocal 0.90–1.10; Positive >1.10 (index values, assay-dependent).

Chlamydophila pneumoniae IgM

C. pneumoniae IgM

Tests: 2 tests
Reference range: Negative <0.90; Equivocal 0.90–1.10; Positive >1.10 (index values, assay-dependent).

Chloride

Cl

Tests: 6 tests
Reference range: Approximately 98–107 mmol/L; assay-specific.

Chloride, Serum

Cl⁻

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: 98–107 mEq/L (98–107 mmol/L) # REVIEWER FLAG: Confirm Quest Diagnostics reference range for serum chloride.

Chromium (Blood)

Cr(III)/Cr(VI)

Tests: 3 tests
Reference range: Background typically <2 µg/L; occupational exposure and prosthetic implants can raise levels.

Chromosome 16q22 Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms

16q22 SNPs

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Reported as genotype with associated relative risk; population reference is ancestrally dependent.

Chromosome 4q25 Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms

4q25 SNPs

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Reported as genotype (e.g., CC, CT, TT) with associated relative risk; population reference is ancestrally dependent.

Citrinin

CIT

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: <1.50 ng/mg creatinine

Citrinin / Dihydrocitrinin (DHC), Urine

CIT / DHC

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: # REVIEWER FLAG: Confirm Mosaic Diagnostics reference range for urinary citrinin and its metabolite dihydrocitrinin — DHC is the primary urinary citrinin metabolite and the more analytically stable form. Confirm whether citrinin and DHC are reported as discrete values or combined.

Cladosporium herbarum IgE

Cla h IgE

Tests: 5 tests
Reference range: <0.35 kU/L is negative; ≥0.35 kU/L is positive, with graded classes.

Cladosporium herbarum IgG antibody

Clad herb IgG

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Negative or low; laboratory-specific cut-off.

Cladosporium species

Cladosporium spp.

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Background levels typically <20 spores/mg; elevated >40 spores/mg.

Clostridioides difficile Toxin A (Enterotoxin)

C. diff Toxin A

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Negative (not detected) # REVIEWER FLAG: Confirm Access Medical Laboratories result reporting format — some platforms report Toxin A and Toxin B as discrete positive/negative results; others report a combined Toxin A&B result as a single positive/negative output. Confirm whether Access Medical Laboratories distinguishes toxin A from toxin B individually or reports them as a combined result.

Clostridioides difficile Toxin B (Cytotoxin)

C. diff Toxin B

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Negative (not detected) # REVIEWER FLAG: Confirm discrete vs combined Toxin A&B reporting format with Access Medical Laboratories — see note above for Toxin A.

Clostridium difficile Toxin A

TcdA

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Not detected in healthy faeces.

Clostridium difficile Toxin B

TcdB

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Not detected in healthy faeces.

Cobalt (Blood)

Co

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Background typically <1 µg/L; prosthetic implants can raise blood cobalt into the range of toxicity.

Codfish Specific IgE

f3 Cod sIgE

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Class 0 (<0.35 kU/L) negative; Classes 1–6 semiquantitative.

Coenzyme Q10

CoQ10

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Approximately 0.4–1.6 µg/mL; assay- and population-dependent.

Commensal Bacteria Abundance (PCR panel)

Commensals

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Reported against reference abundance ranges for each organism/group # REVIEWER FLAG: Confirm the current PCR target list and reference ranges with Genova.

Commensal Bacterial Flora

Commensal Flora

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Laboratory-specific qualitative or semi-quantitative scale; predominance of Bacteroides, Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, and other anaerobes expected in healthy stool.

Complete Blood Count with Differential

CBC w/ Diff

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: WBC: 4.0–10.5 ×10³/µL; RBC (F): 3.8–5.1 ×10⁶/µL; Hgb (F): 11.5–15.5 g/dL; Hct (F): 34–45%; MCV: 80–100 fL; Platelets: 140–400 ×10³/µL # REVIEWER FLAG: Confirm Access Medical Laboratories sex-specific and age-stratified reference ranges for all CBC sub-components.

Complete Blood Count with Differential and Erythrocyte Indices

CBC w/ Diff

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Hgb (F): 11.5–15.5 g/dL; Hgb (M): 13.5–17.5 g/dL; MCV: 80–100 fL; MCH: 27–33 pg; MCHC: 32–36 g/dL; RDW: 11.5–14.5%; Platelets: 150–400 ×10³/µL # REVIEWER FLAG: Confirm Access Medical Laboratories sex-specific and age-stratified reference ranges for all CBC sub-components — particularly haemoglobin, haematocrit, and RBC, which differ materially between sexes and across age groups.

Composite IgG Reactivity Score

IgG Composite

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Not standardised; some laboratories report a summary score or count of elevated IgG responses.

Comprehensive Metabolic Panel

CMP

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Glucose: 70–99 mg/dL; BUN: 7–20 mg/dL; Creatinine (F): 0.5–1.1 mg/dL; eGFR: ≥60 mL/min/1.73m²; ALT: 7–35 U/L; AST: 10–35 U/L; ALP: 44–147 U/L; Total Bilirubin: 0.2–1.2 mg/dL; Albumin: 3.5–5.0 g/dL; Calcium: 8.5–10.2 mg/dL # REVIEWER FLAG: Confirm Access Medical Laboratories sex-specific and age-stratified reference ranges for all CMP components — in particular ALT and creatinine, which have established sex-specific thresholds.

Connecting Peptide

C-peptide

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Fasting approximately 0.8–3.1 ng/mL (0.26–1.03 nmol/L); post-prandial or stimulated values higher.

Copper

Cu

Tests: 2 tests
Reference range: Approximately 0.7–1.4 mg/L (11–22 µmol/L); rises with oestrogen and inflammation.

Copper (Blood)

Cu

Tests: 3 tests
Reference range: 70–140 µg/dL (adults); higher in women and pregnancy due to oestrogen effects on caeruloplasmin.

Copper (Urine)

Cu

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Laboratory-specific; typically 10–50 μg/g creatinine.

Copper-to-Zinc Ratio (Urine)

Cu:Zn

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Laboratory- and method-specific; typical ratios in urine are context-dependent and less standardised than serum.

Copper, Urine

Cu

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Spot urine approximately 5–40 µg/g creatinine; 24-hour excretion <60 µg/24 h.

Copper:Zinc Ratio

Cu:Zn

Tests: 3 tests
Reference range: Approximately 0.7–1.0; highly method- and population-dependent.

Cortisol

F

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Morning 5–25 ng/mL; afternoon/evening lower. Single time-point dried blood spot cortisol is less informative than diurnal salivary profiles but can serve as a snapshot.

Cortisol

Cort

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Morning cortisol typically 5–25 ng/mL, with marked diurnal variation; single dried blood spot values must be interpreted with collection time noted; method-specific.

Cortisol

Tests: 3 tests
Reference range: Laboratory-specific functional ranges provided by Sanesco; timing of collection affects interpretation, as cortisol follows a diurnal rhythm.

Cortisol

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: AM (07:00–09:00): 6.2–19.4 µg/dL (171–536 nmol/L); PM (~16:00): 2.3–11.9 µg/dL (64–327 nmol/L) # REVIEWER FLAG: Time-of-day reference intervals are assay- and laboratory-specific — reviewer to confirm against LabCorp cortisol assay ranges before publication.

Cortisol (30 minutes post-waking)

CAR+30

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Approximately 9–28 nmol/L in saliva; method- and time-specific.

Cortisol (afternoon specimen)

Cortisol PM

Tests: 4 tests
Reference range: Afternoon (16:00): approximately 50–250 nmol/L (2–9 µg/dL); continuing decline toward evening nadir.

Cortisol (awakening)

Cortisol-Aw

Tests: 2 tests
Reference range: Salivary cortisol upon waking typically 6–25 nmol/L; Ayumetrix-specific intervals apply.

Cortisol (before bed)

Cortisol-HS

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Approximately 0.5–4 nmol/L in saliva; method- and time-specific.

Cortisol (Dried Urine, Diurnal Series, LCMS)

Cortisol

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Time-of-day-dependent; morning highest, midnight lowest.

Cortisol (dried urine)

F

Tests: 2 tests
Reference range: Morning sample typically 10–100 ng/mg creatinine; evening <5 ng/mg creatinine.

Cortisol (evening)

Cortisol-PM

Tests: 5 tests
Reference range: Typically 2–6 nmol/L or approximately 0.7–2.2 ng/mL in saliva at evening (around 1600–1800 h).

Cortisol (LC-MS dried blood spot)

F

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Time-of-day dependent; morning approximately 50–250 ng/mL, evening 20–100 ng/mL. Single dried blood spot less informative than diurnal salivary or serial sampling. ZRT platform-specific intervals apply.

Cortisol (Midday Sample)

Cortisol Noon

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Typically 4–10 nmol/L or approximately 1.5–3.6 ng/mL in saliva at midday.

Cortisol (midday)

Cortisol-MD

Tests: 4 tests
Reference range: Midday (12:00): approximately 80–350 nmol/L (3–13 µg/dL); values decline through the day.

Cortisol (morning, ~30 minutes post-waking)

Cortisol-AM

Tests: 5 tests
Reference range: Morning (08:00): approximately 140–690 nmol/L (5–25 µg/dL); diurnal reference intervals are assay- and time-specific.

Cortisol (night/bedtime)

Cortisol-Nt

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Salivary cortisol at bedtime typically <1.5–3 nmol/L; Ayumetrix-specific intervals apply.

Cortisol (urine, diurnal)

Cortisol

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Collection-time-specific; morning cortisol higher than evening in healthy diurnal rhythm.

Cortisol 30 Minutes Post-Awakening

C30

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Laboratory-specific; typically 15–50 nmol/L in saliva.

Cortisol 30 Minutes Post-Waking

C30

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Laboratory-specific; a rise of 50–75% above the awakening value is often cited as a normal CAR.

Cortisol at 03:00

03:00 Cortisol

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Approximately 10–140 nmol/L (0.5–5 µg/dL) at 03:00, assay-specific.

Cortisol at 08:00

08:00 Cortisol

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Approximately 140–690 nmol/L (5–25 µg/dL) at 08:00, assay-specific.

Cortisol at 12:00

12:00 Cortisol

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Approximately 80–470 nmol/L (3–17 µg/dL) at midday, assay-specific.

Cortisol at 16:00

16:00 Cortisol

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Approximately 50–330 nmol/L (2–12 µg/dL) at 16:00, assay-specific.

Cortisol at 20:00

20:00 Cortisol

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Approximately 30–280 nmol/L (1–10 µg/dL) at 20:00, assay-specific.

Cortisol at 23:00

23:00 Cortisol

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Approximately 10–200 nmol/L (0.5–7 µg/dL) at 23:00, assay-specific.

Cortisol Awakening Response

CAR

Tests: 6 tests
Reference range: Method-specific salivary intervals across waking, +30 min, and +60 min samples # REVIEWER FLAG: CAR reference intervals are method-specific — reviewer to confirm against the Precision Analytical salivary protocol and timing.

Cortisol Awakening Response (Delta)

CAR Δ

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Typically an increase of ≥50% or an absolute rise of ≥5–10 nmol/L; method-specific.

Cortisol Diurnal Pattern

Diurnal Rhythm

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Normal pattern: morning peak, midday decline, afternoon nadir.

Cortisol Diurnal Slope

Diurnal Slope

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Qualitative assessment; a healthy rhythm shows a steep decline from morning to evening, typically a 70–90% reduction from peak to nadir.

Cortisol Metabolites (a-Tetrahydrocortisol, b-Tetrahydrocortisol, Tetrahydrocortisone)

Metabolised Cortisol

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Method-specific dried-urine intervals for total metabolised cortisol # REVIEWER FLAG: Metabolite reference intervals are proprietary — reviewer to confirm against the laboratory's current intervals.

Cortisol-to-DHEA Ratio (derived)

Cortisol:DHEA

Tests: 3 tests
Reference range: No standardised reference interval; the ratio is computed from the cortisol and DHEA results and interpreted qualitatively.

Cortisol, 4-Point Diurnal (Salivary, LC-MS)

Cortisol x4

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Method-specific salivary intervals reported at four collection points (morning, noon, evening, night) # REVIEWER FLAG: Four-point salivary cortisol intervals are proprietary and time-point-specific — reviewer to confirm against the laboratory's current intervals and collection times.

Cortisol, Serum (Total — Bound and Free Fractions)

Cortisol

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: AM (07:00–09:00): 6.2–19.4 µg/dL (171–535 nmol/L); PM (15:00–17:00): 2.3–11.9 µg/dL (63–327 nmol/L) # REVIEWER FLAG: Confirm Access Medical Laboratories reference ranges for morning and afternoon serum cortisol — values are time-of-collection-dependent and platforms vary. Some laboratories apply a single AM reference range only; others provide diurnal time-banded ranges. Confirm whether Access Medical Laboratories provides a single reference range or multiple time-specific ranges, and whether they require the collection time to be documented on the requisition form to apply the correct reference interval. Confirm assay methodology — most platforms use electrochemiluminescence immunoassay (ECLIA) or chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay (CMIA); confirm whether Access Medical Laboratories uses one of these or an alternative platform, as this affects reference range calibration.

Cortisol, single time-point (Saliva)

Cortisol

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Morning (waking) approximately 3.7–9.5 ng/mL; afternoon approximately 1.2–3.0 ng/mL; evening/bedtime approximately 0.4–1.0 ng/mL. Interpretation depends on the collection time.

Cortisol:DHEA ratio (morning)

Cortisol:DHEA

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Calculated from morning cortisol and morning DHEA; interpretive thresholds are method-specific.

Cortisol:DHEA Ratio, Salivary (Derived)

C:DHEA Ratio

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: # REVIEWER FLAG: Confirm whether Genova Diagnostics reports a cortisol:DHEA ratio as a discrete derived value on the Endo+: Adrenocortex panel and what their reference range or interpretive zone thresholds are. The ratio may be calculated from the morning time point values or from an integrated daily AUC calculation — confirm which approach Genova uses.

Cortisone

E

Tests: 3 tests
Reference range: Dried urine: proprietary diurnal intervals for morning, afternoon, evening, and night fractions.

Cortisone

E

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Typically 3–12 ng/mL; method- and time-dependent.

Cortisone (Dried Urine, Diurnal Series, LCMS)

Cortisone

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Time-of-day-dependent; tracks cortisol rhythm.

Cortisone (dried urine)

E

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Typically lower than cortisol; varies by time of day.

Cortisone (Evening)

Cortisone PM

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Typically 20–80 ng/mg creatinine for bedtime void.

Cortisone (Morning)

Cortisone AM

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Typically 50–200 ng/mg creatinine for first morning void.

Cortisone (urine, diurnal)

Cortisone

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Collection-time-specific; parallels cortisol diurnal pattern.

Cow's Milk Specific IgE

f2 Milk sIgE

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Class 0 (<0.35 kU/L) denotes no detectable sensitisation; semiquantitative Classes 1–6 grade increasing specific IgE.

Creatinine (Urine)

Creat

Tests: 2 tests
Reference range: 50–250 mg/dL in random urine.

Creatinine (Urine)

Cr

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: 20–300 mg/dL (varies with muscle mass, hydration, and sex)

Creatinine, Plasma

Creat

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Approximately 53–115 µmol/L (0.6–1.3 mg/dL) in adults, sex- and muscle-mass-dependent.

Creatinine, Serum

Cr

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Male: 0.70–1.30 mg/dL (61.9–114.9 µmol/L); Female: 0.50–1.10 mg/dL (44.2–97.2 µmol/L) # REVIEWER FLAG: Confirm Quest Diagnostics sex-specific creatinine reference ranges — female upper limits typically range from 0.9–1.1 mg/dL depending on the platform; confirm Quest's specific values. Note that creatinine reference ranges derived from mixed-sex populations historically overestimate the female upper limit, which is now increasingly recognised as approximately 0.9 mg/dL in women.

Cryptosporidium species Antigen

Cryptosporidium Ag

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Not detected

Culture, Mycology, and Parasitology (MALDI-TOF-identified culture with susceptibilities, yeast/fungi, and microscopic ova-and-parasite examination with immunoassays)

Culture/Mycology/Parasitology

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Cultured bacteria and yeast reported semi-quantitatively with susceptibilities where a target organism is recovered; no ova, parasites, or pathogenic protozoa detected on microscopy and immunoassays

Curvularia lunata IgE

Cur l IgE

Tests: 2 tests
Reference range: <0.35 kU/L negative; 0.35–0.69 equivocal; ≥0.70 positive.

Cystathionine Beta-Synthase C699T Polymorphism

CBS C699T

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Wild-type (CC), heterozygous (CT), homozygous variant (TT)

Cystatin C

Cys C

Tests: 2 tests
Reference range: Approximately 0.50–1.10 mg/L in adults; intervals are age-dependent and assay-specific.

Cytochrome P450 2C19 Genotype

CYP2C19

Tests: 2 tests
Reference range: Reported as genotype (e.g. *1/*1, *1/*2, *2/*17) and phenotype classification: ultrarapid, rapid, normal, intermediate, or poor metaboliser.

Cytokine-Induced Cellular Activation Antibodies

CICA

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Negative; method-specific threshold defined by Cell Science Systems.

D

Deamidated Gliadin Peptide IgA Antibody

DGP-IgA

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: <20 U/mL negative; ≥20 U/mL positive (laboratory-specific thresholds apply).

Deamidated Gliadin Peptide IgG Antibody

DGP-IgG

Tests: 2 tests
Reference range: <20 U/mL negative; ≥20 U/mL positive (laboratory-specific thresholds).

Dehydroepiandrosterone

DHEA

Tests: 4 tests
Reference range: Dried urine: varies by age and sex; proprietary method-specific intervals.

Dehydroepiandrosterone

DHEA

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Age- and sex-dependent; peak in the third decade (males 4–12 ng/mL, females 2–8 ng/mL), declining thereafter; platform-specific intervals apply.

Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA, morning)

DHEA-AM

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Salivary DHEA approximately 50–250 pg/mL (sex- and age-dependent); Ayumetrix-specific intervals apply.

Dehydroepiandrosterone (Dried Urine, GCMS)

DHEA

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Age- and sex-dependent; declines with age.

Dehydroepiandrosterone (Saliva)

DHEA

Tests: 2 tests
Reference range: Age- and sex-specific; morning sample approximately 50–300 pg/mL (method-dependent).

Dehydroepiandrosterone (urinary metabolites)

DHEA

Tests: 2 tests
Reference range: Laboratory-specific; wide physiological range with age- and sex-dependent decline.

Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate

DHEA-S

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Female 18–29: 44–332 µg/dL; 30–39: 31–228 µg/dL; 40–49: 18–244 µg/dL; 50–59: 21–185 µg/dL; 60+: 10–158 µg/dL # REVIEWER FLAG: Confirm Access Medical Laboratories age-stratified female reference ranges for DHEA-S.

Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate (DHEA-S), Serum

DHEA-S

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Female 18–29: 44–332 µg/dL (1.19–8.98 µmol/L); Female 30–39: 31–228 µg/dL (0.84–6.17 µmol/L); Female 40–49: 18–244 µg/dL (0.49–6.60 µmol/L); Female 50–59: 21–185 µg/dL (0.57–5.01 µmol/L); Female ≥60: 10–158 µg/dL (0.27–4.28 µmol/L); Male 18–29: 70–492 µg/dL (1.89–13.31 µmol/L); Male 30–39: 45–345 µg/dL (1.22–9.34 µmol/L); Male 40–49: 27–307 µg/dL (0.73–8.31 µmol/L); Male 50–59: 41–244 µg/dL (1.11–6.60 µmol/L); Male ≥60: 30–213 µg/dL (0.81–5.77 µmol/L) # REVIEWER FLAG: Confirm LabCorp age-stratified and sex-stratified reference ranges for DHEA-S — values vary between platforms and age bands. The ranges above are approximate LabCorp values; verify exact numbers against LabCorp's current assay documentation. Confirm the assay methodology — most platforms use competitive immunoassay (ECLIA or CMIA); confirm whether LabCorp offers or defaults to LC-MS/MS for DHEA-S at low concentrations relevant to elderly patients.

Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulphate (Dried Blood Spot)

DHEA-S

Tests: 2 tests
Reference range: Age- and sex-specific; peaks in the third decade and declines thereafter. Blood spot reference intervals are derived from LC-MS and not interchangeable with serum immunoassay norms.

Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulphate (LC-MS dried blood spot)

DHEA-S

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Age- and sex-specific; peaks in the third decade (approximately 200–500 µg/dL in men, 100–400 µg/dL in women) and declines with age. ZRT platform-specific intervals apply.

Dehydroepiandrosterone, Unconjugated (Free DHEA)

DHEA

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Male: 180–1250 ng/dL (6.24–43.3 nmol/L); Female: 130–980 ng/dL (4.50–33.9 nmol/L) # REVIEWER FLAG: Confirm Quest Diagnostics sex-specific and age-stratified reference ranges for unconjugated DHEA — values decline substantially with age and reference intervals are typically reported in age-stratified tiers. The ranges above are broad adult approximations; confirm Quest Diagnostics' age-band breakdown (e.g., 18–29, 30–39, 40–49, 50–59, 60+) and update accordingly. Also confirm whether Quest reports in ng/dL or uses a different primary unit for this analyte.

Detoxification and Phase II Markers

Glucarate, sulfate, pyroglutamate, orotate

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Laboratory-specific functional ranges

Detoxification Pathway Gene Panel (Phase I/II, e.g. CYP, GST, NAT variants)

Detoxification

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Genotype result reported per variant; no numeric reference range applies # REVIEWER FLAG: Genotype result — reviewer to confirm the variants reported and bound interpretive claims.

DHEA-S (Salivary, LC-MS)

DHEA-S

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Sex-, age-, and method-specific salivary intervals # REVIEWER FLAG: Salivary DHEA-S intervals are proprietary and age-dependent — reviewer to confirm against the laboratory's current intervals.

DHEA-S and Androgen Metabolites (Testosterone, 5a-DHT metabolites, Etiocholanolone, Androsterone)

Androgens

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Sex- and method-specific dried-urine intervals # REVIEWER FLAG: Androgen-metabolite reference intervals are sex-specific and proprietary — reviewer to confirm against the laboratory's current intervals.

DHEA, Salivary (Morning)

DHEA Saliva

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: # REVIEWER FLAG: Confirm Genova Diagnostics reference range for salivary DHEA — values are highly platform-specific and substantially lower than serum DHEA or DHEA-S values. Confirm whether Genova measures DHEA at one time point (morning) or two time points, and whether they report DHEA as a standalone value, a cortisol:DHEA ratio, or both.

Diamine Oxidase

DAO

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: >10 U/mL (method-dependent)

Dientamoeba fragilis

D. fragilis

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Not detected

Digestion and Absorption Markers (pancreatic elastase-1 and products of digestion)

Digestion/Absorption

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Pancreatic elastase-1: >200 µg/g normal (100–200 moderate, <100 severe exocrine pancreatic insufficiency); products of digestion (fat, fibres, carbohydrates) reported semi-quantitatively

Dihydrotestosterone

DHT

Tests: 3 tests
Reference range: Adult males approximately 30–85 ng/dL; adult females approximately 4–22 ng/dL. Paediatric ranges are age- and Tanner-stage dependent.

Dihydrotestosterone

DHT

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Adult males: ~30–85 ng/dL (1.0–2.9 nmol/L); adult females: much lower, ~4–22 ng/dL # REVIEWER FLAG: Reference intervals are strongly sex-dependent and assay-specific; mass-spectrometry methods are preferred — reviewer to confirm against Access Medical Laboratories' assay-specific ranges and methodology.

Dihydrotestosterone, Free

Free DHT

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Adult male approximately 25–105 pg/mL by equilibrium dialysis with LC-MS/MS; strongly age- and method-dependent, and markedly lower in women and in men on 5-alpha-reductase inhibitors.

Dihydrotestosterone, Free

Free DHT

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Adult males approximately 10–80 pg/mL; adult females approximately 1–15 pg/mL; assay- and age-specific.

Dihydrotestosterone, Percent Free (derived)

% Free DHT

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Typically well below 2 percent of total DHT; the exact free fraction depends on SHBG and albumin concentrations and on the dialysis conditions.

Dihydrotestosterone, Total

Total DHT

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Adult male approximately 16–79 ng/dL by LC-MS/MS; age-dependent and low in women and in prepubertal children.

Direct (Conjugated) Bilirubin

DBIL

Tests: 4 tests
Reference range: 0.0–0.3 mg/dL (0–5 µmol/L) # REVIEWER FLAG: Confirm LabCorp reference range — some platforms report upper limit as 0.2 mg/dL; range is age-dependent in neonates and differs substantially from adult values. Confirm whether the LabCorp assay used is a diazo-based method (Jendrassik-Grof) or a direct spectrophotometric assay, as methods produce slightly different reference intervals.

Direct Vitamin and Nutrient Markers (e.g. vitamin D, vitamin A, vitamin E, CoQ10, homocysteine)

Vitamins / Nutrients

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Reported per analyte against method-specific serum intervals # REVIEWER FLAG: Directly measured serum nutrient intervals should align with standard clinical ranges where applicable — reviewer to confirm reported analytes and intervals and note where they differ from conventional laboratory ranges.

Diurnal cortisol decline

AM:PM ratio

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Morning cortisol typically ≥1.5–2× afternoon value; loss of this gradient is abnormal.

Diurnal Cortisol Slope (Derived)

Cortisol Slope

Tests: 3 tests
Reference range: Normal: steep decline from morning to late evening; abnormal: flat, blunted, or inverted rhythm.

Dopamine

DA

Tests: 4 tests
Reference range: Method- and laboratory-specific; typically expressed as a ratio to creatinine in dried-urine collections.

Dopamine

DA

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Approximately <30 pg/mL in supine resting state; assay-specific.

Dopamine

DA

Tests: 5 tests
Reference range: Laboratory-specific functional range; Sanesco reports normalised to creatinine and scored relative to proprietary reference population.

Dopamine to Norepinephrine Ratio

DA:NE

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Laboratory-specific; values are method- and population-dependent.

Dopamine, 24-Hour Urine

DA

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: 52–480 µg/24h # REVIEWER FLAG: Confirm Doctor's Data reference range — catecholamine reference intervals are sensitive to collection protocol and patient demographics.

Dopamine, Urine

DA

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: # REVIEWER FLAG: Confirm Sanesco reference range for urinary dopamine — catecholamine reference intervals are sensitive to collection protocol and assay methodology.

DunedinPACE (Pace of Aging Epigenetic Measure)

DunedinPACE

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Population average: 1.00 (aging at 1 biological year per chronological year). <1.00 indicates slower-than-average biological ageing; >1.00 indicates faster-than-average biological ageing. # REVIEWER FLAG: Confirm TruDiagnostic's DunedinPACE reporting format and whether they report the original DunedinPACE or the updated DunedinPoAm version. Confirm whether TruDiagnostic's population reference is calibrated to a specific demographic dataset.

E

Egg White Specific IgE

f1 Egg White sIgE

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Class 0 (<0.35 kU/L) negative; increasing classes reflect rising antibody titre, not reaction severity.

Endomysial IgA Antibody

EMA-IgA

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Negative.

Energy Production Markers — Pyruvate, Lactate, and Fatty Acid Oxidation Metabolites

Energy Markers

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: # REVIEWER FLAG: Confirm Mosaic Diagnostics reference ranges for pyruvic acid, lactic acid, 3-hydroxybutyric acid (BOHB), adipic acid, suberic acid, sebacic acid (medium-chain fatty acid oxidation markers), and ethylmalonic acid (short-chain fatty acid oxidation marker). These analytes have distinct clinical significance and individual reference intervals.

Enniatins (B, B1) and Beauvericin, Urine

ENN B, ENN B1, BEA

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: # REVIEWER FLAG: Confirm whether enniatins and beauvericin are included in the current MycoTOX panel — these emerging Fusarium mycotoxins have been added to expanded mycotoxin panels relatively recently. Confirm individual analyte reporting and reference ranges.

Epicoccum purpurascens IgE

Epi p IgE

Tests: 2 tests
Reference range: <0.35 kU/L negative; 0.35–0.69 equivocal; ≥0.70 positive.

Epinephrine

Epi

Tests: 3 tests
Reference range: Laboratory-specific; typically 2–20 µg/g creatinine in random urine.

Epinephrine

Epi

Tests: 4 tests
Reference range: Laboratory-specific functional range; Sanesco reports normalised to creatinine and scored relative to proprietary reference population.

Epinephrine (Adrenaline), 24-Hour Urine

EPI

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: 1.7–22.4 µg/24h # REVIEWER FLAG: Confirm Doctor's Data reference range.

Epinephrine (Adrenaline), Urine

EPI

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: # REVIEWER FLAG: Confirm Sanesco reference range for urinary epinephrine.

Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate

ESR

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Age- and sex-dependent. Men <50 yrs ~0–15 mm/hr, women <50 yrs ~0–20 mm/hr, with higher upper limits in older adults # REVIEWER FLAG: Age/sex thresholds vary; the Miller formula (men: age/2; women: (age+10)/2) is commonly cited — reviewer to confirm Access Medical Laboratories reference intervals before publication.

Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate

ESR

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Adults: up to 15 mm/hr in men and up to 20 mm/hr in women, rising with age; a commonly applied age-adjusted upper limit is age divided by 2 in men, and age plus 10 divided by 2 in women

Escherichia coli antigen

E. coli Ag

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Negative; OD ratio <1.0 (method-specific threshold).

Essential & Metabolic Fatty Acids (Plasma/RBC)

FA

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Per-fatty-acid reference intervals and ratios (e.g. omega-3 index, omega-6:3) # REVIEWER FLAG: Confirm Genova ranges and specimen (plasma vs RBC).

Essential and Metabolic Fatty Acids (omega-3, omega-6, omega-9, saturated and trans fats; e.g. EPA, DHA, arachidonic acid, omega-3 index)

Fatty Acids

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Reported per fatty acid as a percentage of total, with derived ratios and indices against method-specific intervals # REVIEWER FLAG: Fatty-acid intervals and derived indices (e.g. omega-3 index, omega-6:omega-3 ratio) are method-specific — reviewer to confirm reported analytes, specimen (red cell vs plasma), and intervals.

Essential and Nutrient Elements in Hair (e.g. calcium, magnesium, zinc, copper, selenium, chromium)

Essential Elements

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Reported against method-specific reference ranges per element # REVIEWER FLAG: Hair essential-mineral analysis is widely regarded as unreliable for assessing nutritional status; reference ranges are not standardised and clinical validity is contested — reviewer to ensure this is clearly stated and claims are strongly bounded.

Estimated Average Glucose

eAG

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Derived from HbA1c; an HbA1c of 5.7% corresponds to ~117 mg/dL and 6.5% to ~140 mg/dL # REVIEWER FLAG: eAG is calculated from HbA1c via the ADAG equation — confirm LabCorp uses the standard formula.

Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate

eGFR

Tests: 6 tests
Reference range: ≥60 mL/min/1.73m² is conventionally reported as non-reduced; values are a calculated estimate, not a measured clearance.

Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (Cystatin C)

eGFRcys

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: ≥90 mL/min/1.73 m² is stage G1 (normal or high); 60–89 is G2 (mildly decreased); 45–59 is G3a; 30–44 is G3b; 15–29 is G4 (severely decreased); <15 is G5 (kidney failure).

Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR)

eGFR

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: ≥60 mL/min/1.73m² (CKD stage G1–G2 if ≥60 with kidney damage markers; CKD G3a: 45–59; G3b: 30–44; G4: 15–29; G5: <15) # REVIEWER FLAG: Confirm Quest Diagnostics eGFR equation — Quest has transitioned to the 2021 CKD-EPI creatinine equation (CKD-EPI 2021), which eliminates the race coefficient previously used in the 2009 equation. Confirm this is the current equation in use and whether Quest also reports cystatin C-based eGFR for flagged specimens. Document that values ≥60 mL/min/1.73m² are reported as '>60' by some platforms rather than as a discrete value above 60.

Estradiol

E2

Tests: 5 tests
Reference range: Premenopausal follicular 2–8 ng/mg Cr; luteal 5–20 ng/mg Cr; postmenopausal 0.5–3 ng/mg Cr. Method- and laboratory-specific.

Estradiol

E2

Tests: 2 tests
Reference range: Follicular phase: 19–144 pg/mL; Mid-cycle peak: 64–357 pg/mL; Luteal phase: 56–214 pg/mL; Postmenopausal: <18.3 pg/mL # REVIEWER FLAG: Confirm Access Medical Laboratories menstrual phase-specific and menopausal reference ranges — cycle-phase context is essential for interpretation and must be documented by the practitioner at the time of collection.

Estradiol (17β-Estradiol), Serum

E2

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Premenopausal — Follicular phase: 12.4–233 pg/mL (45.5–856 pmol/L); Ovulatory peak: 41–398 pg/mL (150–1461 pmol/L); Luteal phase: 22–341 pg/mL (80.8–1252 pmol/L); Postmenopausal: ≤29 pg/mL (≤106 pmol/L); Males: 7.6–42.6 pg/mL (27.9–156 pmol/L) # REVIEWER FLAG: Confirm LabCorp reference ranges for estradiol by cycle phase, menopausal status, and sex — values are assay platform-specific and vary between LabCorp's immunoassay and LC-MS/MS platforms. Confirm which LabCorp estradiol assay applies to this test code (immunoassay vs LC-MS/MS) as these produce systematically different numerical results, particularly at low concentrations relevant to postmenopausal and paediatric assessment. Confirm whether LabCorp applies age-stratified ranges for perimenopausal and postmenopausal women.

Estradiol (dried urine, GCMS)

E2

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Menstrual-cycle phase and menopausal status determine the interval.

Estradiol (LC-MS dried blood spot)

E2

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Sex-, age-, and menstrual-phase-specific; adult female follicular approximately 20–150 pg/mL, mid-cycle 100–400 pg/mL, luteal 60–250 pg/mL; postmenopausal and male typically <50 pg/mL. ZRT platform-specific intervals apply.

Estradiol (Sensitive LC-MS/MS)

E2

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Varies widely by sex, age, and menstrual phase; premenopausal follicular 19–144 pg/mL, mid-cycle peak 63–356 pg/mL, luteal 55–214 pg/mL; postmenopausal <32 pg/mL; adult males 10–40 pg/mL.

Estriol

E3

Tests: 5 tests
Reference range: Non-pregnant premenopausal 2–10 ng/mg Cr; postmenopausal 1–5 ng/mg Cr. Rises dramatically in pregnancy. Method- and laboratory-specific.

Estriol (dried urine, GCMS)

E3

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Normally very low outside pregnancy; laboratory interval applies.

Estrone

E1

Tests: 5 tests
Reference range: Premenopausal follicular 5–15 ng/mg Cr; luteal 10–40 ng/mg Cr; postmenopausal 2–8 ng/mg Cr. Method- and laboratory-specific.

Estrone

E1

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Follicular 37–138 pg/mL; mid-cycle 60–229 pg/mL; luteal 45–214 pg/mL; postmenopausal 11–95 pg/mL; male 10–60 pg/mL. Assay-specific.

Estrone (dried urine, GCMS)

E1

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Menstrual-cycle and menopausal-status dependent; laboratory provides phase-specific intervals.

Evening Cortisol

C-Eve

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Laboratory-specific; typically <3–5 nmol/L in saliva in the late evening.

Evening Cortisol (Saliva)

Cortisol-PM

Tests: 2 tests
Reference range: Collection-time-specific; evening (around 18:00–20:00) approximately 0.4–1.0 ng/mL.

Extractable Nuclear Antigen Panel

ENA

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Negative for all tested specificities.

F

Faecal Calprotectin

FC

Tests: 4 tests
Reference range: <50 µg/g in adults; age-specific thresholds apply in infants and young children.

Faecal Calprotectin

Calprotectin

Tests: 2 tests
Reference range: <50 µg/g generally considered normal; 50–120 µg/g equivocal; >120 µg/g elevated.

Faecal Calprotectin

Calprotectin

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: <50 µg/g normal; 50–120 µg/g borderline; >120 µg/g elevated # REVIEWER FLAG: Borderline/elevated cut-offs vary by assay — confirm Genova thresholds.

Faecal Elastase-1

Elastase-1

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: >200 µg/g normal pancreatic function; 100–200 µg/g mild to moderate insufficiency; <100 µg/g severe exocrine pancreatic insufficiency.

Faecal Fat (Steatocrit or Qualitative)

Steatocrit

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: <15–20% generally considered normal; method-dependent.

Faecal Occult Blood

FOB

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Negative

Faecal Occult Blood

FOB

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Negative.

Faecal Pancreatic Elastase-1

PE-1

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: >200 µg/g indicates sufficient exocrine function.

Faecal pH

pH

Tests: 2 tests
Reference range: Approximately 6.0–7.5; method- and diet-dependent.

Faecal Secretory IgA

sIgA

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Laboratory-specific; typically 51–204 mg/g.

Faecal Secretory IgA

sIgA

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Within laboratory reference interval # REVIEWER FLAG: Confirm Genova sIgA reference range; clinical interpretation of high/low is debated.

Faecalibacterium prausnitzii

F. prausnitzii

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Expressed as a proportion of total sequencing reads (relative abundance), compared with the laboratory's adult reference distribution.

Fasting Insulin

Insulin

Tests: 2 tests
Reference range: 2–19 µIU/mL (14–132 pmol/L) # REVIEWER FLAG: Confirm Access Medical Laboratories fasting insulin reference range — laboratory reference intervals vary substantially. The functional medicine optimal range is considerably narrower than most laboratory reference ranges.

Fasting Plasma Glucose

FPG

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: 3.9–5.5 mmol/L (70–99 mg/dL)

Fatty Acid Oxidation Markers

Adipate, suberate, sebacate, ethylmalonate

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Laboratory-specific ranges for medium- and long-chain dicarboxylic acids

Fecal Lactoferrin

fLF

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: <7.3 µg/g (Genova method-specific threshold).

Ferritin

Tests: 4 tests
Reference range: Adult men ~30–400 ng/mL; adult women ~15–150 ng/mL; thresholds for deficiency vary # REVIEWER FLAG: Lower limits and deficiency cut-offs differ by guideline and assay (e.g. <30 ng/mL widely used for deficiency, <15 ng/mL more specific) — reviewer to confirm Quest assay-specific ranges before publication.

Ferritin, Serum

Ferritin

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Female: 12–150 ng/mL; Male: 12–300 ng/mL # REVIEWER FLAG: Confirm Access Medical Laboratories sex-specific ferritin reference ranges — the lower limit of 12 ng/mL defines absent iron stores but is associated with symptomatic iron depletion in many patients; confirm whether Access Medical Laboratories age-stratifies ferritin ranges.

Ferritin, Serum

Ferritin

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Female (18–39): 10–154 ng/mL; Female (≥40): 13–150 ng/mL; Male (18+): 22–322 ng/mL # REVIEWER FLAG: Confirm LabCorp sex-specific and age-stratified ferritin reference ranges — LabCorp applies age-banded female ranges and a broader male range reflecting higher physiological iron stores in males; confirm exact age bands and lower/upper limits from LabCorp's current assay documentation. Confirm assay methodology — most platforms use electrochemiluminescence immunoassay (ECLIA) or chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay (CMIA); confirm which LabCorp uses, as methodology affects calibration and may produce slightly different absolute values from other platforms.

Firmicutes-to-Bacteroidetes Ratio (derived)

F:B ratio

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Derived from phylum-level relative abundances; reported as a ratio against the adult reference distribution, with wide inter-individual variation.

Folate (Serum)

Folate

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: >4.0 ng/mL (>9.0 nmol/L) generally adequate; <3.0 ng/mL (<7.0 nmol/L) suggests deficiency # REVIEWER FLAG: Folate reference cut-offs are assay-dependent — reviewer to confirm against Access Medical Laboratories' assay-specific range.

Follicle Stimulating Hormone

FSH

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Cycle-phase dependent in menstruating women — follicular phase approximately 3–10 mIU/L; postmenopausal typically >25 mIU/L

Follicle-Stimulating Hormone

FSH

Tests: 3 tests
Reference range: Highly cycle-phase, sex- and age-specific. Premenopausal follicular phase ~3.5–12.5 mIU/mL; postmenopausal ~25.8–134.8 mIU/mL; adult men ~1.5–12.4 mIU/mL # REVIEWER FLAG: FSH intervals are strongly phase-, sex- and age-banded and assay-specific — reviewer to confirm against Access Medical Laboratories assay-specific ranges before publication.

Follicle-Stimulating Hormone

FSH

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Females (follicular): 3.5–12.5 mIU/mL; mid-cycle peak higher; postmenopausal: 25–135 mIU/mL; adult males: 1.5–12.4 mIU/mL # REVIEWER FLAG: Reference intervals are sex-, cycle-, and assay-dependent — reviewer to confirm against LabCorp's assay-specific ranges.

Food-Specific Immunoglobulin A

IgA

Tests: 10 tests
Reference range: Laboratory-specific reactivity thresholds: <1.0 AU (no reactivity), 1.0–2.0 AU (borderline), >2.0 AU (elevated), with assay-specific cut-points.

Food-Specific Immunoglobulin A

IgA

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Lab-specific threshold; typically <20 AU considered negative, 20–50 borderline, >50 elevated.

Food-Specific Immunoglobulin E Antibodies

IgE

Tests: 2 tests
Reference range: Class 0 (<0.35 kU/L) is negative; class 1 (0.35–0.69 kU/L) low positive; classes 2–6 indicate progressively higher titres. Clinical reactivity correlates imperfectly with titre and depends on the allergen.

Food-Specific Immunoglobulin G

IgG

Tests: 12 tests
Reference range: Results are reported as a semi-quantitative classification (negative, borderline, moderate, or high reactivity) for each of 144 foods, with assay-specific thresholds that are laboratory-defined rather than standardised across platforms.

Food-Specific Immunoglobulin G

IgG

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Lab-specific threshold; typically <20 AU negative, 20–50 borderline, >50 elevated.

Food-Specific Immunoglobulin G Subclass 4

IgG4

Tests: 5 tests
Reference range: Reported against the laboratory's own reference population; no validated diagnostic threshold exists, and IgG4 is understood as a marker of immune tolerance rather than of adverse reaction

Food-Specific Immunoglobulin G Subclass 4

IgG4

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Lab-specific threshold; typically <20 AU negative, 20–50 borderline, >50 elevated.

Free Androgen Index

FAI

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Male <100; female <5; calculated as (total testosterone ÷ SHBG) × 100.

Free Androgen Index (Dried Blood Spot, Calculated)

FAI

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Adult male approximately 30–150, adult female <6; method- and unit-dependent.

Free Cortisol

F

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Laboratory-specific; typically 20–90 µg/24 h for adults.

Free Cortisol Diurnal Pattern (Dried Urine)

Free Cortisol

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Method-specific dried-urine intervals reported per collection point (waking, morning, afternoon, night) # REVIEWER FLAG: Dried-urine free cortisol reference intervals are proprietary to the Precision Analytical method and are not interchangeable with serum, salivary, or standard 24-hour urine ranges — reviewer to confirm against the laboratory's current intervals.

Free T3 to Free T4 Ratio

fT3:fT4

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Approximately 0.25–0.35 (units-dependent); method-specific.

Free Testosterone

Free T

Tests: 2 tests
Reference range: Approximately 5.0–21.0 pg/mL (17–73 pmol/L) in adult men; 0.0–4.2 pg/mL (0–15 pmol/L) in adult women. Assay- and age-specific.

Free Testosterone (by Equilibrium Dialysis)

Free T

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Adult males: approximately 47–244 pg/mL; adult females: much lower and age-dependent # REVIEWER FLAG: Free testosterone intervals are method-specific — equilibrium dialysis results are NOT interchangeable with calculated or analogue-immunoassay free testosterone. Reviewer to confirm Quest's dialysis-specific intervals.

Free Testosterone (calculated)

Free T

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Calculated from total testosterone, SHBG, and albumin (assumed constant); sex- and age-specific, typically 50–200 pg/mL in adult males, 1–10 pg/mL in females. Method- and algorithm-dependent.

Free Thyroxine

Free T4

Tests: 9 tests
Reference range: 0.8–1.8 ng/dL (10–23 pmol/L)

Free Thyroxine

FT4

Tests: 5 tests
Reference range: Approximately 0.8–1.8 ng/dL; dried blood spot free T4 is calculated or directly measured by LC-MS and may not match immunoassay-based serum results.

Free Thyroxine (Free T4)

fT4

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: 0.82–1.77 ng/dL (10.6–22.7 pmol/L) # REVIEWER FLAG: Confirm LabCorp reference range for Free T4 on this specific panel — confirm whether LabCorp uses a direct Free T4 immunoassay or a T3 Uptake/Free T4 Index (FTI) indirect calculation for this particular panel code. The two approaches produce different numerical results and require different interpretive frameworks. Direct immunoassay Free T4 values are clinically preferred and are unaffected by binding protein changes.

Free Triiodothyronine

FT3

Tests: 5 tests
Reference range: Method-specific for dried blood spot; approximate serum equivalents 3.5–6.5 pmol/L.

Free Triiodothyronine

Free T3

Tests: 8 tests
Reference range: 2.0–4.4 pg/mL (3.1–6.8 pmol/L) # REVIEWER FLAG: Confirm Access Medical Laboratories Free T3 reference range — assay platform variation is substantial for this analyte and direct immunoassays for Free T3 are subject to greater pre-analytical interference than Free T4 assays.

Fumonisins B1, B2, Urine

FB1, FB2

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: # REVIEWER FLAG: Confirm Mosaic Diagnostics reference range for urinary fumonisins — fumonisin urinary detection reflects recent dietary exposure and reference values are proprietary to Mosaic's dataset.

Functional B-Vitamin Markers

B-vitamin OA

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Reported against per-marker reference intervals # REVIEWER FLAG: Confirm ranges.

Functional Vitamin Markers

Vit markers

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Per-marker reference intervals # REVIEWER FLAG: Confirm Genova markers and ranges.

Fusarium proliferatum IgE

Fus p IgE

Tests: 3 tests
Reference range: <0.35 kU/L negative; 0.35–0.69 equivocal; ≥0.70 positive.

G

GABA (γ-Aminobutyric Acid), 24-Hour Urine

GABA

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: 1.5–6.8 µmol/24h # REVIEWER FLAG: Confirm Doctor's Data reference range — GABA urinary reference intervals are highly platform-specific and not standardised across laboratory networks.

GABA (γ-Aminobutyric Acid), Urine

GABA

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: # REVIEWER FLAG: Confirm Sanesco reference range for urinary GABA — highly platform-specific.

Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid

GABA

Tests: 4 tests
Reference range: Laboratory-specific; typically 1–5 µg/g creatinine for random urine.

Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid

GABA

Tests: 5 tests
Reference range: Laboratory-specific functional ranges provided by Sanesco; urinary GABA does not reflect central GABA concentrations, as GABA does not readily cross the blood-brain barrier.

Gamma-Glutamyl Transferase

GGT

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Adult males: 8–61 U/L; adult females: 5–36 U/L # REVIEWER FLAG: Reference intervals are sex- and assay-dependent — reviewer to confirm against Access Medical Laboratories' assay-specific ranges.

Giardia lamblia Antigen

Giardia Ag

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Not detected

Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein Antibodies IgG

GFAP IgG

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Laboratory-specific functional threshold.

Gliotoxin

GTX

Tests: 2 tests
Reference range: Below assay detection threshold considered normal # REVIEWER FLAG: Confirm RealTime cut-off.

Gliotoxin, Urine

GT

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: # REVIEWER FLAG: Confirm Mosaic Diagnostics reference range for urinary gliotoxin — gliotoxin is an Aspergillus fumigatus-specific mycotoxin; its presence in urine is specifically associated with invasive or colonising Aspergillus fumigatus infection rather than dietary exposure. Confirm whether Mosaic Diagnostics has established a validated population reference range for urinary gliotoxin and what their clinical positivity threshold is.

Globulin (Calculated)

Glob

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: 2.0–3.5 g/dL; total protein minus albumin.

Glucose

Gluc

Tests: 6 tests
Reference range: Fasting approximately 70–99 mg/dL (3.9–5.5 mmol/L); non-fasting specimens are interpreted against different thresholds.

Glucose, Plasma

Gluc

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Fasting 3.9–5.6 mmol/L (70–100 mg/dL); non-fasting <7.8 mmol/L (<140 mg/dL). Laboratory and guideline thresholds differ.

Glucose, Serum (Fasting)

Glu

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Fasting: 70–99 mg/dL (3.89–5.49 mmol/L); Impaired fasting glucose (prediabetes): 100–125 mg/dL; Diabetes: ≥126 mg/dL on two occasions # REVIEWER FLAG: Confirm Quest Diagnostics reference range for fasting serum glucose and whether they report ADA diagnostic category labels (normal, prediabetes, diabetes) alongside the numerical value, or provide a single numerical reference range.

Glutamate

Glu

Tests: 4 tests
Reference range: Laboratory-specific; typically 10–50 µg/g creatinine for random urine.

Glutamate

Glu

Tests: 5 tests
Reference range: Laboratory-specific functional range; Sanesco reports normalised to creatinine and scored relative to proprietary reference population.

Glutamate, 24-Hour Urine

Glu

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: # REVIEWER FLAG: Confirm Doctor's Data reference range for urinary glutamate — values are highly platform-specific. Urinary glutamate is present in substantially higher concentrations than GABA; confirm units and range before publication.

Glutamate, Urine

Glu

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: # REVIEWER FLAG: Confirm Sanesco reference range for urinary glutamate — present in substantially higher concentrations than GABA; confirm units and reference interval.

Glutathione S-Transferase Mu 1 Deletion

GSTM1

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Present (functional allele) or Null (homozygous deletion)

Glutathione S-Transferase Theta 1 Deletion

GSTT1

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Present (functional allele) or Null (homozygous deletion)

Glycine

Gly

Tests: 3 tests
Reference range: Laboratory-specific; typically 50–300 µg/g creatinine for random urine.

Glycine

Gly

Tests: 2 tests
Reference range: Laboratory-specific functional range; Sanesco reports normalised to creatinine and scored relative to proprietary reference population.

Glycine, 24-Hour Urine

Gly

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: # REVIEWER FLAG: Confirm Doctor's Data reference range for urinary glycine — glycine is excreted in urine in substantial quantities as part of normal amino acid metabolism; range is highly platform-specific.

Glycine, Urine

Gly

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: # REVIEWER FLAG: Confirm Sanesco reference range for urinary glycine.

GrimAge (Epigenetic Mortality Predictor Clock)

GrimAge

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Compared to chronological age — GrimAge is calibrated to predict time-to-death; acceleration above chronological age is the clinically significant finding. # REVIEWER FLAG: Confirm TruDiagnostic's GrimAge reporting format — raw age in years, delta from chronological age, or percentile. Confirm whether TruDiagnostic implements original GrimAge (Lu et al. 2019) or GrimAge2 (updated 2022 iteration).

Gut Inflammation and Immunology Markers (calprotectin, secretory IgA, eosinophil protein X)

Inflammation/Immunology

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Calprotectin: <50 µg/g normal, 50–120 µg/g borderline, >120 µg/g elevated; secretory IgA and eosinophil protein X reported against method-specific ranges

Gut Metabolic Markers (short-chain fatty acids, beta-glucuronidase, faecal pH)

Gut Metabolic

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Short-chain fatty acids (acetate, propionate, butyrate, total), beta-glucuronidase, and faecal pH reported against method-specific ranges

Gut Microbial Metabolites

Dysbiosis markers

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Laboratory-specific ranges for hippurate, phenylacetate, phenylpropionate, p-hydroxybenzoate, indican, tricarballylate, D-arabinitol, D-lactate

H

Haemoglobin A1c

HbA1c

Tests: 5 tests
Reference range: Normal: <5.7% (<39 mmol/mol); Prediabetes: 5.7–6.4% (39–46 mmol/mol); Diabetes: ≥6.5% (≥48 mmol/mol) # REVIEWER FLAG: These are ADA diagnostic thresholds, not laboratory reference ranges in the traditional sense — confirm how LabCorp formats HbA1c results on their report. Most platforms report a numerical HbA1c percentage alongside ADA-aligned interpretive categories (normal, prediabetes, diabetes). Confirm whether LabCorp reports IFCC units (mmol/mol) alongside NGSP units (%) as dual reporting, and confirm the specific LabCorp assay methodology — ion-exchange HPLC (e.g. Bio-Rad Variant II) and immunoassay are the dominant platforms; methodology determines susceptibility to haemoglobin variant interference.

Haemoglobin A1c (Glycated Haemoglobin)

HbA1c

Tests: 2 tests
Reference range: <5.7% (<39 mmol/mol) normal; 5.7–6.4% (39–46 mmol/mol) prediabetes; ≥6.5% (≥48 mmol/mol) diabetes # REVIEWER FLAG: Diagnostic thresholds follow ADA criteria; reviewer to confirm the platform's preferred diagnostic framing and LabCorp assay alignment (NGSP/IFCC) before publication.

Haemoglobin A1c (Glycated Haemoglobin)

HbA1c

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Non-diabetic: <5.7% (<39 mmol/mol); prediabetes: 5.7–6.4% (39–47 mmol/mol); diabetes: ≥6.5% (≥48 mmol/mol) # REVIEWER FLAG: Diagnostic thresholds follow ADA/WHO criteria — reviewer to confirm the framing and units adopted by BiomarkersLabs.com.

HDL Cholesterol (High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol)

HDL-C

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Low (cardiovascular risk): <40 mg/dL males, <50 mg/dL females; Average: 40–59 mg/dL; Optimal: ≥60 mg/dL (≥1.55 mmol/L) # REVIEWER FLAG: Confirm LabCorp sex-specific HDL-C reference ranges and risk category thresholds — the ATP III threshold of <40 mg/dL (males) and <50 mg/dL (females) as low HDL-C is the most widely used clinical classification. Confirm whether LabCorp uses these thresholds or an alternative framework.

Helicobacter pylori Antigen

H. pylori Ag

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Negative

Helminthosporium halodes-specific IgE

Hel h IgE

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: <0.35 kU/L negative; ≥0.70 positive.

High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol

HDL-C

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: ≥40 mg/dL in men and ≥50 mg/dL in women is generally considered adequate; higher values traditionally viewed as protective.

High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol

HDL-C

Tests: 3 tests
Reference range: Higher is generally favourable: ≥40 mg/dL (males), ≥50 mg/dL (females) # REVIEWER FLAG: Sex-specific thresholds are guideline-based — reviewer to confirm framing and units.

High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein

hs-CRP

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: <1 mg/L low cardiovascular risk, 1–3 mg/L average, >3 mg/L high; >10 mg/L suggests acute inflammation.

High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein

hs-CRP

Tests: 3 tests
Reference range: Low CV risk: <1.0 mg/L; Average CV risk: 1.0–3.0 mg/L; High CV risk: >3.0 mg/L; Acute inflammation: >10.0 mg/L (result may need repeat) # REVIEWER FLAG: Confirm Access Medical Laboratories hs-CRP cardiovascular risk categorisation thresholds — ACC/AHA cardiovascular risk tiers are as above; confirm whether the laboratory applies these tiers in their report or provides a raw numerical value only.

High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein

hs-CRP

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: <1.0 mg/L low risk; 1.0–3.0 mg/L moderate risk; >3.0 mg/L high risk (AHA/CDC for cardiovascular risk).

Histamine

His

Tests: 3 tests
Reference range: Laboratory-specific; typically 10–200 µg/g creatinine for random urine.

Histamine

HIS

Tests: 2 tests
Reference range: Laboratory-specific functional range; Sanesco reports normalised to creatinine and scored relative to proprietary reference population.

Histamine, 24-Hour Urine

Hist

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: 10–130 µg/24h # REVIEWER FLAG: Confirm Doctor's Data reference range for urinary histamine — values are highly platform-specific and dietary histamine loading significantly affects results.

Histamine, Urine

Hist

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: # REVIEWER FLAG: Confirm Sanesco reference range for urinary histamine — values are highly platform-specific and dietary histamine intake significantly elevates results.

Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance

HOMA-IR

Tests: 2 tests
Reference range: <2.0 (insulin-sensitive), >2.5 (insulin-resistant); population-specific

Homocysteine

Hcy

Tests: 5 tests
Reference range: 5–15 µmol/L (desirable <10 µmol/L) # REVIEWER FLAG: Reference and 'desirable' thresholds are assay- and population-dependent and are debated — reviewer to confirm against LabCorp's assay-specific interval.

Hormone Metabolism Gene Panel

Hormone Metabolism

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Genotype result reported per variant; no numeric reference range applies # REVIEWER FLAG: Genotype result — reviewer to confirm reported variants.

HPA-G Composite Index

HPA-G Index

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Sanesco proprietary scoring algorithm

I

IgE Antibodies to 15 Common Foods

IgE

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Class 0 (<0.35 kU/L) is negative; Class 1–6 represent increasing IgE levels, with Class 2 and above generally considered positive.

IgG Antibodies to 184 Food Antigens

IgG Food Panel

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Method-specific thresholds classify reactions as negative, borderline, moderate, or high; cut-points are laboratory-defined and not standardised across platforms.

IgG Antibodies to 184 Foods

IgG

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Negative, Borderline, or Positive classification per food; thresholds are method- and laboratory-specific.

IgG Antibody Reactivity Profile (184 foods)

IgG Panel

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Assay-specific thresholds classify each antigen as negative, borderline, mild, moderate, or strong reactivity.

Immune Age (Epigenetic Immune Cell Composition and Immune Ageing Score)

Immune Age

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Compared to chronological age-matched reference — below-average immune age indicates a biologically younger immune profile; above-average indicates immune ageing acceleration. # REVIEWER FLAG: Confirm TruDiagnostic's specific immune age scoring format, the immune cell types assessed via methylation deconvolution (typically CD8+ T cells, CD4+ T cells, NK cells, B cells, monocytes, granulocytes), and whether an immune age score or raw cell proportion estimates are reported in the TruHealth report.

Immune Response Index (proprietary; e.g. Immunidex)

Immune Index

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Reported as a proprietary score of cell-mediated immune response # REVIEWER FLAG: The immune-response index is a proprietary metric of uncertain clinical validity — reviewer to confirm how it is derived and to bound interpretive claims.

Immunidex Score

Immunidex

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Proprietary composite score reflecting immune-cell metabolic function; reference intervals are SpectraCell specific.

Immunoglobulin A, Serum (Total)

IgA

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Adult (18+): 70–400 mg/dL (0.70–4.00 g/L) # REVIEWER FLAG: Confirm Quest Diagnostics age-stratified reference ranges for serum IgA — values are substantially lower in infants and children and increase progressively to adult levels by approximately age 10–14 years. Confirm adult range and whether Quest applies age-band stratification for paediatric patients on the same test code. Confirm assay methodology — nephelometry or turbidimetry — as platforms have slightly different reference intervals.

Immunoglobulin G

IgG

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Approximately 7–16 g/L (700–1600 mg/dL), age- and assay-specific.

Immunoglobulin G Antibodies to Food Antigens

IgG

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Laboratory-specific categorical classification: negative, borderline, mild, moderate, or elevated reactivity for each of 184 food antigens.

Immunoglobulin G Antibodies to Food Antigens

IgG

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Laboratory-specific thresholds classify reactivity as normal, borderline, moderate, or high; intervals are proprietary to the testing platform.

Immunoglobulin G Food-Specific Antibodies

IgG

Tests: 2 tests
Reference range: Laboratory-specific thresholds classify foods as normal, borderline, or elevated reactivity; typically <3.0–3.5 AU is normal, 3.5–8.0 borderline, >8.0 elevated.

Immunoglobulin G to Barley

IgG-Barley

Tests: 2 tests
Reference range: Laboratory-specific; typically <20 U/mL negative.

Immunoglobulin G to Black Pepper

IgG Black Pepper

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Laboratory-specific; typically <2.0 U/mL considered low reactivity, ≥2.0–<4.0 moderate, ≥4.0 high.

Immunoglobulin G to Cayenne Pepper

IgG Cayenne

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Laboratory-specific; typically <2.0 U/mL considered low reactivity.

Immunoglobulin G to Cinnamon

IgG Cinnamon

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Laboratory-specific; typically <2.0 U/mL considered low reactivity.

Immunoglobulin G to Clove

IgG Clove

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Laboratory-specific; typically <2.0 U/mL considered low reactivity.

Immunoglobulin G to Coriander

IgG Coriander

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Laboratory-specific; typically <2.0 U/mL considered low reactivity.

Immunoglobulin G to Corn (Maize)

IgG Corn

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Laboratory-specific.

Immunoglobulin G to Cross-Reactive Foods (aggregate)

IgG Cross-Reactive

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Varies by individual antigen; panel summarises responses to up to 184 foods.

Immunoglobulin G to Cumin

IgG Cumin

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Laboratory-specific; typically <2.0 U/mL considered low reactivity.

Immunoglobulin G to Dairy Proteins (Casein, Whey)

IgG Dairy

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Laboratory-specific; separate thresholds for casein and whey may be reported.

Immunoglobulin G to Egg Proteins

IgG Egg

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Laboratory-specific.

Immunoglobulin G to Garlic

IgG Garlic

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Laboratory-specific; typically <2.0 U/mL considered low reactivity.

Immunoglobulin G to Ginger

IgG Ginger

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Laboratory-specific; typically <2.0 U/mL considered low reactivity.

Immunoglobulin G to Gliadin

IgG-Gliadin

Tests: 2 tests
Reference range: Laboratory-specific; typically <20 U/mL considered negative, 20–30 equivocal, >30 positive.

Immunoglobulin G to Mustard

IgG Mustard

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Laboratory-specific; typically <2.0 U/mL considered low reactivity.

Immunoglobulin G to Oat

IgG Oat

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Laboratory-specific.

Immunoglobulin G to Rye

IgG-Rye

Tests: 2 tests
Reference range: Laboratory-specific; typically <20 U/mL negative.

Immunoglobulin G to Soy Proteins

IgG Soy

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Laboratory-specific.

Immunoglobulin G to Turmeric

IgG Turmeric

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Laboratory-specific; typically <2.0 U/mL considered low reactivity.

Immunoglobulin G to Wheat

IgG-Wheat

Tests: 2 tests
Reference range: Laboratory-specific; typically <20 U/mL negative, 20–30 equivocal, >30 positive.

Immunoglobulin G to Yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae)

IgG Yeast

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Laboratory-specific.

Indirect (Unconjugated) Bilirubin

IBIL

Tests: 3 tests
Reference range: Calculated as total bilirubin minus direct bilirubin; approximately 3–17 µmol/L (0.2–0.9 mg/dL).

Inflammation and Immune Response Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms

IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-10 variants

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Genotype at pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokine loci.

Inflammation Pathway Gene Panel

Inflammation

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Genotype result reported per variant; no numeric reference range applies # REVIEWER FLAG: Genotype result — reviewer to confirm reported variants.

Insulin

Ins

Tests: 2 tests
Reference range: Fasting: 2.6–24.9 µIU/mL (18–173 pmol/L) # REVIEWER FLAG: Reference interval is assay-dependent and wide — reviewer to confirm against Quest's assay-specific fasting range.

Insulin-like Growth Factor 1

IGF-1

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Strongly age- and sex-specific; reported against age-banded reference intervals # REVIEWER FLAG: IGF-1 ranges change markedly across the lifespan and are assay-specific — reviewer to confirm Access Medical Laboratories age/sex-banded intervals before publication. SDS (standard deviation score) reporting is preferred where available.

Insulin, Fasting, Serum

Insulin

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: 2.6–24.9 µIU/mL (18.1–173.0 pmol/L) # REVIEWER FLAG: Confirm LabCorp reference range for fasting serum insulin — values vary substantially between immunoassay platforms due to non-standardised insulin assay calibration. The range of 2.6–24.9 µIU/mL is one commonly reported LabCorp range; confirm the current LabCorp platform and whether age-stratified or BMI-adjusted reference ranges are applied. The upper limit of 24.9 µIU/mL is widely recognised in functional medicine as being far too permissive — patients with fasting insulin in the 15–25 µIU/mL range frequently have significant insulin resistance. Confirm the specific LabCorp assay platform (e.g., Roche Cobas ECLIA) and its calibration traceability to the WHO International Reference Preparation 66/304.

Interleukin 17F Gene Variant

IL17F SNP

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Wild-type, heterozygous variant, or homozygous variant reported.

Intestinal Fatty Acid-Binding Protein

I-FABP

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: <300 pg/mL (context-dependent)

Intestinal Microbial Overgrowth Markers — Yeast/Fungal and Bacterial Dysbiosis Metabolites

Microbial Markers

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: # REVIEWER FLAG: Confirm Mosaic Diagnostics reference ranges for the microbial marker group — including arabinose (Candida/yeast marker), citramalic acid (Aspergillus marker), 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furoic acid (HMFA — yeast marker), dihydroxyphenylpropionic acid (DHPPA — Clostridium marker), tricarballylic acid (Fusarium marker), 3-oxoglutaric acid (Saccharomyces/yeast marker), tartaric acid, and carboxycitric acid. Reference ranges are proprietary to Mosaic Diagnostics' population dataset.

Intracellular Alpha-Lipoic Acid Function

ALA

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Laboratory-specific functional performance scale.

Intracellular Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C)

Vit C

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Laboratory-specific functional performance scale.

Intracellular Biotin (Vitamin B7)

B7

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Laboratory-specific functional performance scale.

Intracellular Calcium Function

Ca

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Laboratory-specific functional performance scale.

Intracellular Choline Function

Choline

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Laboratory-specific functional performance scale.

Intracellular Chromium Function

Cr

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Laboratory-specific functional performance scale.

Intracellular Coenzyme Q10

CoQ10

Tests: 2 tests
Reference range: Laboratory-specific functional performance scale.

Intracellular Copper

Cu

Tests: 2 tests
Reference range: Laboratory-specific functional performance scale.

Intracellular Folate

Folate

Tests: 2 tests
Reference range: Laboratory-specific functional performance scale.

Intracellular Glutathione

GSH

Tests: 2 tests
Reference range: Laboratory-specific functional performance scale.

Intracellular Inositol Function

Inositol

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Laboratory-specific functional performance scale.

Intracellular Magnesium

Mg

Tests: 2 tests
Reference range: Laboratory-specific functional performance scale.

Intracellular Selenium

Se

Tests: 2 tests
Reference range: Laboratory-specific functional performance scale.

Intracellular Tocopherol (Vitamin E)

Vit E

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Laboratory-specific functional performance scale.

Intracellular Vitamin B1 (Thiamine)

B1

Tests: 2 tests
Reference range: Laboratory-specific functional performance scale; typically reported as deficient/borderline/sufficient relative to stimulated lymphocyte growth.

Intracellular Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin)

B12

Tests: 2 tests
Reference range: Laboratory-specific functional performance scale.

Intracellular Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin)

B2

Tests: 2 tests
Reference range: Laboratory-specific functional performance scale.

Intracellular Vitamin B3 (Niacin)

B3

Tests: 2 tests
Reference range: Laboratory-specific functional performance scale.

Intracellular Vitamin B5 (Pantothenic Acid)

B5

Tests: 2 tests
Reference range: Laboratory-specific functional performance scale.

Intracellular Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine)

B6

Tests: 2 tests
Reference range: Laboratory-specific functional performance scale.

Intracellular Vitamin D (25-Hydroxyvitamin D)

25(OH)D

Tests: 2 tests
Reference range: Laboratory-specific functional performance scale.

Intracellular Zinc

Zn

Tests: 2 tests
Reference range: Laboratory-specific functional performance scale.

Iodine (Urine)

I

Tests: 2 tests
Reference range: WHO adequacy threshold ≥100 µg/L; population median 100–299 µg/L indicates sufficiency.

Iodine, Urine (inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry)

Urine I

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: WHO thresholds for population sufficiency: median urinary iodine 100–299 µg/L; individual spot values interpreted cautiously due to high day-to-day variation.

Ionized Calcium

iCa

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Approximately 1.16–1.32 mmol/L (4.6–5.3 mg/dL), pH- and temperature-corrected.

Iron, Serum

Fe

Tests: 5 tests
Reference range: 35–145 µg/dL (6.26–25.95 µmol/L) # REVIEWER FLAG: Confirm Access Medical Laboratories reference range for serum iron — values are sex-stratified in some laboratory platforms (males typically 60–170 µg/dL; females 40–150 µg/dL). Confirm whether Access Medical Laboratories applies sex-specific reference intervals. Note that serum iron exhibits pronounced diurnal variation — morning values are approximately 30% higher than afternoon values — and a single serum iron in isolation has limited diagnostic utility; interpret as part of the full iron panel including TIBC and ferritin.

K

Ketone and Gluconeogenesis Markers

Beta-hydroxybutyrate, acetoacetate, pyruvate, lactate

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Laboratory-specific ranges; beta-hydroxybutyrate typically undetectable or trace in a fed state

Krebs Cycle (TCA Cycle) Organic Acid Markers

TCA Markers

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: # REVIEWER FLAG: Confirm Mosaic Diagnostics reference ranges for individual Krebs cycle metabolites — citric acid, isocitric acid, cis-aconitic acid, succinic acid, fumaric acid, malic acid, alpha-ketoglutaric acid, and oxaloacetic acid. Each has a distinct creatinine-corrected reference interval proprietary to Mosaic Diagnostics' population dataset.

L

Lactate Dehydrogenase

LDH

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Adult ~140–280 U/L # REVIEWER FLAG: LDH ranges are strongly method-dependent (assay and temperature) — reviewer to confirm Access Medical Laboratories assay-specific interval before publication.

Lactobacillus species abundance

Lactobacillus %

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Variable; present in vaginally delivered and breastfed infants; often <10% relative abundance.

Late-Evening Cortisol (23:00)

Cortisol Late

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Late evening (23:00): typically <50 nmol/L (<1.8 µg/dL); the nadir of the circadian rhythm.

LDL Cholesterol (directly measured)

Direct LDL-C

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Optimal: <100 mg/dL (<2.6 mmol/L); progressively lower targets apply at higher cardiovascular risk # REVIEWER FLAG: LDL-C targets are risk-stratified and guideline-dependent (ACC/AHA, ESC/EAS) rather than a fixed reference range — reviewer to confirm framing and units.

LDL Cholesterol (Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol)

LDL-C

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Optimal: <100 mg/dL (<2.59 mmol/L); Near optimal: 100–129 mg/dL; Borderline high: 130–159 mg/dL; High: 160–189 mg/dL; Very high: ≥190 mg/dL (≥4.91 mmol/L) # REVIEWER FLAG: Confirm LabCorp LDL-C reporting format — confirm whether LabCorp uses the Friedewald equation (TC − HDL − [TG ÷ 5]) or the Martin-Hopkins equation (validated at lower LDL-C and higher TG concentrations) as the default calculation for this panel, and whether direct LDL-C measurement is automatically applied when triglycerides exceed the Friedewald reliability threshold (typically 400 mg/dL). Also confirm whether LabCorp applies NCEP ATP III categorical labelling or provides a numerical value with practitioner-applied risk stratification.

LDL Particle Number

LDL-P

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Population percentiles: <1000 nmol/L is often cited as desirable, approximately 1000–1299 as intermediate, and >1600 nmol/L as high risk

Lead

Pb

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Blood lead <5 µg/dL (50 µg/L) per CDC; no safe threshold established.

Lead (Blood)

Pb

Tests: 3 tests
Reference range: Background population <5 µg/dL; occupational thresholds and regulatory limits vary by jurisdiction.

Lead (Hair)

Pb

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Reference intervals vary; often <3–5 µg/g, but hair lead correlates imperfectly with blood lead, the diagnostic standard.

Lead (Urine)

Pb

Tests: 2 tests
Reference range: Reported against reference intervals, creatinine-corrected # REVIEWER FLAG: Confirm Doctor's Data range. Note blood lead, not urine, is the standard clinical measure of lead exposure.

Lead, Urine

Pb

Tests: 2 tests
Reference range: <2.0 µg/g creatinine # REVIEWER FLAG: Confirm Mosaic Diagnostics reference range for urinary lead. CDC blood lead reference value is 3.5 µg/dL; urinary thresholds differ by specimen type and laboratory. The 2.0 µg/g creatinine threshold is commonly cited for random urine but verify against Mosaic Diagnostics documentation.

Lipase

Lip

Tests: 2 tests
Reference range: Approximately 13–60 U/L (0.22–1.00 µkat/L), assay-dependent; a value greater than three times the upper limit of normal supports acute pancreatitis

Lipid Metabolism Gene Panel (e.g. APOE and related variants)

Lipid Metabolism

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Genotype result reported per variant; no numeric reference range applies # REVIEWER FLAG: Genotype result — reviewer to confirm reported variants. Note APOE and certain lipid/cardiovascular variants may carry significant predictive and counselling implications and require careful handling.

Lipid Panel (Total Cholesterol, LDL-C, HDL-C, Triglycerides, Non-HDL-C)

Lipids

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Total Cholesterol: <200 mg/dL (desirable); LDL-C: <100 mg/dL (optimal); HDL-C (F): ≥50 mg/dL; Triglycerides: <150 mg/dL; Non-HDL-C: <130 mg/dL # REVIEWER FLAG: Confirm Access Medical Laboratories lipid panel reference ranges and whether they apply NCEP ATP III, ACC/AHA 2018, or ESC/EAS 2019 categorisation to reported values.

Lipopolysaccharide-Binding Protein

LBP

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: 5–15 µg/mL (assay-dependent)

Lipoprotein Insulin Resistance Score

LP-IR

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Scored from 0 to 100, with higher values indicating greater insulin resistance; approximately <45 is often cited as favourable

Lipoprotein Insulin Resistance Score (LP-IR)

LP-IR

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: SpectraCell reports LP-IR on a scale where higher scores indicate greater insulin resistance; score >45 suggests insulin-resistant lipoprotein pattern.

Lipoprotein Particle Profile

LPP

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Varies by lipoprotein class; SpectraCell reports LDL particle number (LDL-P), small dense LDL, HDL particle number (HDL-P), VLDL-3, and mean LDL size.

Lipoprotein Particle Profile (LPP) Subfractions

LPP

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Laboratory-specific and particle-size dependent; Ion Mobility Analysis reports particle number and size distribution for VLDL, LDL, and HDL subclasses.

Lipoprotein Subfractions (LDL size, small LDL particle number, HDL particle number, VLDL particle number and size)

Subfractions

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Reported against population percentiles for each subfraction; thresholds are not standardised across methods and are not outcome-validated treatment targets

Lipoprotein-associated Phospholipase A2

Lp-PLA2

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Typically <200 ng/mL; assay-specific thresholds apply.

Lipoprotein(a)

Lp(a)

Tests: 2 tests
Reference range: Desirable: <75 nmol/L (<~30 mg/dL); high risk: >125 nmol/L (>~50 mg/dL) # REVIEWER FLAG: Thresholds and the nmol/L–mg/dL relationship are method-dependent and not directly convertible; nmol/L (particle number) is preferred — reviewer to confirm against Access Medical Laboratories' assay and reporting units.

Lipoprotein(a)

Lp(a)

Tests: 2 tests
Reference range: Approximately <30 mg/dL or <75 nmol/L; reference intervals are laboratory- and method-dependent, and Lp(a) is highly genetically determined.

Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol

LDL-C

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Optimal <100 mg/dL; 100–129 near optimal; 130–159 borderline high; 160–189 high; ≥190 very high (ATP III framing).

Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol

LDL-C

Tests: 2 tests
Reference range: Optimal: <100 mg/dL (<2.59 mmol/L); Near optimal: 100–129 mg/dL; Borderline high: 130–159 mg/dL; High: 160–189 mg/dL; Very high: ≥190 mg/dL (≥4.91 mmol/L). # REVIEWER FLAG: LDL-C risk thresholds are stratified by individual cardiovascular risk, not absolute value alone — the above categories reflect NCEP ATP III/ACC/AHA population descriptors. Confirm LabCorp reporting format and whether they report a single numerical value with flagging or apply categorical labelling. Treatment targets differ by risk category (e.g., <70 mg/dL for very high-risk patients, <55 mg/dL in some ESC guidelines) and should be documented separately from the analytical reference range.

Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (calculated)

LDL-C

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: <3.0 mmol/L (115 mg/dL), risk-stratified targets lower

Low-Density Lipoprotein Particle Number

LDL-P

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Reported as a count; commonly cited risk tiers place roughly <1000 nmol/L at lower risk and >1600 nmol/L at high risk, method-dependent.

Lupus Anticoagulant

LA

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Negative (screening ratio typically <1.2)

Luteinising Hormone

LH

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Cycle-phase dependent — follicular phase approximately 2–10 mIU/L, with a pronounced mid-cycle surge; postmenopausal elevated

Luteinising Hormone

LH

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Females (follicular): 2.4–12.6 mIU/mL; mid-cycle surge much higher; postmenopausal: 7.7–58.5 mIU/mL; adult males: 1.7–8.6 mIU/mL # REVIEWER FLAG: Reference intervals are sex-, cycle-, and assay-dependent — reviewer to confirm against LabCorp's assay-specific ranges.

Luteinising Hormone

LH

Tests: 2 tests
Reference range: Highly cycle-phase, sex- and age-specific. Premenopausal follicular ~2.4–12.6 mIU/mL, mid-cycle surge much higher; postmenopausal ~7.7–58.5 mIU/mL; adult men ~1.7–8.6 mIU/mL # REVIEWER FLAG: Phase/sex/age-banded and assay-specific — confirm Quest ranges.

M

Macrocyclic Trichothecenes (e.g. Roridin, Verrucarin)

MT

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Below assay detection threshold considered normal # REVIEWER FLAG: Confirm RealTime cut-off.

Macroscopic Worm Detection

MWD

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Not detected.

Magnesium

Mg

Tests: 2 tests
Reference range: 1.7–2.4 mg/dL (0.70–0.99 mmol/L) # REVIEWER FLAG: Reference interval is assay-dependent — reviewer to confirm against Access Medical Laboratories' assay-specific range.

Magnesium (Blood)

Mg

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: ZRT laboratory-specific; typically 1.7–2.3 mg/dL (0.7–0.95 mmol/L).

Magnesium (Total Serum Magnesium)

Mg

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Adults: 1.7–2.2 mg/dL (0.70–0.91 mmol/L)

Magnesium, Urine

Mg

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Approximately 30–120 mg/g creatinine; homeostatic control is tight.

Malabsorption & Dysbiosis Organic Acid Markers

Dysbiosis OA

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Reported against per-marker reference intervals, creatinine-corrected # REVIEWER FLAG: Confirm Genova marker list and ranges.

Manganese (Blood)

Mn

Tests: 2 tests
Reference range: Whole-blood manganese typically 4–15 µg/L; occupational reference ranges are higher.

Mean Telomere Length

TL

Tests: 2 tests
Reference range: Reported as mean telomere length and percentile relative to an age-matched reference population; shorter telomeres are associated with biological ageing and oxidative stress.

Melatonin (6-Hydroxymelatonin Sulphate)

6-OHMS

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Method-specific dried-urine intervals, interpreted against the overnight/waking collection # REVIEWER FLAG: Urinary 6-OHMS intervals are method-specific — reviewer to confirm against the laboratory's protocol.

Melatonin (6-Sulfatoxymelatonin)

aMT6s

Tests: 2 tests
Reference range: Time-dependent; daytime <10 ng/mg, overnight peak 20–80 ng/mg creatinine.

Melatonin (urine, as 6-sulfatoxymelatonin or direct)

Melatonin

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Collection-time-specific; highest overnight.

Mercury

Hg

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Whole blood mercury typically <10 µg/L; higher values seen with seafood consumption or occupational exposure.

Mercury (Blood)

Hg

Tests: 3 tests
Reference range: Background population typically <10 µg/L; occupational and toxicological thresholds are higher.

Mercury (Hair)

Hg

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Typically <1–2 µg/g in general populations; higher in high-seafood-consuming groups. WHO and EPA reference doses correspond to maternal hair mercury ~1–2 µg/g.

Mercury (Urine)

Hg

Tests: 2 tests
Reference range: Reported against reference intervals, creatinine-corrected # REVIEWER FLAG: Confirm Doctor's Data range.

Mercury, Urine

Hg

Tests: 2 tests
Reference range: <1.0 µg/g creatinine # REVIEWER FLAG: Confirm Mosaic Diagnostics reference range. ACGIH BEI for occupational mercury exposure is 35 µg/g creatinine; population-based reference values from NHANES typically place the 95th percentile at approximately 1–2 µg/g creatinine for non-occupationally exposed adults. Verify Mosaic Diagnostics population reference.

Metabolic Analysis Markers (Urine Organic Acids)

OA

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Per-marker reference intervals, creatinine-corrected # REVIEWER FLAG: Confirm Genova marker list and ranges.

Metabolic, Insulin and Glucose Pathway Gene Panel

Metabolic

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Genotype result reported per variant; no numeric reference range applies # REVIEWER FLAG: Genotype result — reviewer to confirm reported variants.

Methionine Synthase A2756G Polymorphism

MTR A2756G

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Wild-type (AA), heterozygous (AG), homozygous variant (GG)

Methionine Synthase Reductase A66G Polymorphism

MTRR A66G

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Wild-type (AA), heterozygous (AG), homozygous variant (GG)

Methylation Capacity Index

MCI

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Laboratory-specific; derived from genotype combinations and biochemical context

Methylation Pathway Gene Panel (e.g. MTHFR and related variants)

Methylation

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Genotype result reported per variant (e.g. homozygous/heterozygous/wild-type); no numeric reference range applies # REVIEWER FLAG: Genetic results are genotypes, not measured concentrations — reviewer to confirm the exact variants reported and ensure interpretation is framed as genotype, not analyte level.

Methylation Pathway Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms

MTHFR, MTR, MTRR, COMT variants

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Wild-type, heterozygous, or homozygous variant for each locus.

Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase A1298C Polymorphism

MTHFR A1298C

Tests: 3 tests
Reference range: AA (wild-type), AC (heterozygous), CC (homozygous variant).

Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase C677T Polymorphism

MTHFR C677T

Tests: 3 tests
Reference range: CC (wild-type), CT (heterozygous), TT (homozygous variant).

Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase Genotype

MTHFR

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Reported as C677T and A1298C genotypes (wild-type, heterozygous, or homozygous variant); not a quantitative measurement.

Methylmalonic Acid

MMA

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Approximately 70–270 nmol/L; assay-specific.

Microbial diversity (Shannon index)

Shannon H'

Tests: 2 tests
Reference range: Age-dependent; diversity increases with solid food introduction and is lower in young infants than older children.

Microbiome Abundance and Dysbiosis Index (qPCR relative abundance of keystone/commensal organisms with a proprietary composite score)

Dysbiosis Index

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Relative abundance of selected organisms and a composite Dysbiosis Index reported against the laboratory's reference population

Microbiome Alpha Diversity Index

Shannon/Chao1

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Age-stratified Shannon or Chao1 diversity index, reported as a score and percentile rank against the paediatric reference cohort.

Micronutrient Testing (MNT) Panel

MNT

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Reported as functional sufficiency for each nutrient (sufficient, borderline, deficient); reference intervals are assay-specific and intracellular.

Microscopic Ova and Parasite Examination

O&P

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Not detected

Midday Cortisol (Saliva)

Cortisol-MD

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Collection-time-specific; midday (around 12:00) approximately 1.2–3.0 ng/mL.

Mineral Functional Status (e.g. calcium, magnesium, zinc, copper, manganese)

Minerals

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Reported as a functional classification rather than a concentration # REVIEWER FLAG: Functional mineral classifications are proprietary and not interchangeable with serum or red-cell mineral levels — reviewer to confirm reported analytes and definitions.

Mitochondrial Energy Metabolism Markers

Citric acid cycle intermediates

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Laboratory-specific functional ranges for citrate, cis-aconitate, isocitrate, alpha-ketoglutarate, succinate, fumarate, malate, hydroxymethylglutarate

Molecular Gastrointestinal Pathogen Detection (multiplex PCR/qPCR — bacterial, parasitic, and viral targets)

Molecular Pathogens

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Not detected for pathogenic bacterial, parasitic, and viral targets; commensal targets reported as relative abundance against method-specific ranges

Molybdenum (Blood)

Mo

Tests: 2 tests
Reference range: ZRT laboratory-specific; typically <5 µg/L.

Morning Cortisol (Saliva)

Cortisol-AM

Tests: 2 tests
Reference range: Collection-time-specific; morning (30 min post-waking) approximately 3.7–9.5 ng/mL.

Mucor racemosus IgE

Muc r IgE

Tests: 3 tests
Reference range: <0.35 kU/L negative; 0.35–0.69 equivocal; ≥0.70 positive.

Mycophenolic Acid (Mycophenol), Urine

MPA

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: # REVIEWER FLAG: Confirm Mosaic Diagnostics reference range for urinary mycophenolic acid — this is a critical analyte requiring special interpretive attention because mycophenolic acid is also the active metabolite of mycophenolate mofetil (CellCept, Myfortic), a commonly prescribed immunosuppressant for transplant patients and autoimmune conditions. The clinical significance of urinary mycophenolic acid depends entirely on whether the patient is taking mycophenolate mofetil — if so, the result reflects therapeutic drug exposure, not environmental mycotoxin exposure.

Myelin Basic Protein Antibodies IgG

MBP IgG

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Laboratory-specific functional threshold.

N

Neisseria gonorrhoeae nucleic acid

NG RNA

Tests: 2 tests
Reference range: Not Detected

Neurofilament Light Chain

NfL

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Age-dependent; typically <20 pg/mL in younger adults, rising with age. Laboratory-specific intervals apply.

Neuronal Antigen Panel IgA

Neuro-IgA

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Laboratory-specific functional threshold; the Array 20 IgA panel may include antigens such as cerebellar peptides, GAD, or other targets depending on array version.

Neurotransmitter Metabolism Markers

Neuro OA

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Reported against per-marker reference intervals # REVIEWER FLAG: Confirm ranges.

Neurotransmitter Metabolites

HVA, VMA, 5-HIAA, DOPAC

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Laboratory-specific ranges for homovanillate (HVA), vanillylmandelate (VMA), 5-hydroxyindoleacetate (5-HIAA), 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetate (DOPAC)

Neurotransmitter Metabolites — HVA, 5-HIAA, DOPAC, Quinolinic Acid, Kynurenic Acid

NT Metabolites

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: # REVIEWER FLAG: Confirm Mosaic Diagnostics reference ranges for homovanillic acid (HVA — dopamine metabolite), 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA — serotonin metabolite), 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC — intermediate dopamine metabolite), quinolinic acid (neuroinflammation / excitotoxicity marker), kynurenic acid (NMDA receptor antagonist), and picolinic acid (neuroprotective zinc chelator). These metabolites have distinct clinical significance and require individual reference ranges.

Nickel (Ni), Urine, Random

Ni

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: <5.0 µg/g creatinine # REVIEWER FLAG: Confirm Mosaic Diagnostics reference range for urinary nickel. General population urinary nickel is typically well below 5 µg/g creatinine; ACGIH BEI for occupational nickel is 30 µg/g creatinine.

Nickel (Urine)

Ni

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: <3 µg/g creatinine

Night Cortisol (Saliva)

Cortisol-NT

Tests: 2 tests
Reference range: Collection-time-specific; night (around 23:00–24:00 before sleep) approximately <0.4 ng/mL.

Non-HDL Cholesterol

Non-HDL-C

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Optimal: <130 mg/dL (<3.36 mmol/L); Borderline high: 130–159 mg/dL; High: 160–189 mg/dL; Very high: ≥190 mg/dL # REVIEWER FLAG: Confirm LabCorp reporting of non-HDL-C — confirm whether it is calculated and reported automatically (as TC − HDL-C) on the LabCorp Lipid Panel or whether it requires a separate derivation. Non-HDL-C risk thresholds above reflect NCEP ATP III; ACC/AHA 2018 and ESC/EAS 2019 frameworks set non-HDL-C targets 30 mg/dL above the corresponding LDL-C target.

Non-HDL Cholesterol (derived)

Non-HDL-C

Tests: 2 tests
Reference range: Target generally 30 mg/dL above the corresponding LDL-C goal # REVIEWER FLAG: Non-HDL-C targets are derived from LDL-C goals and guideline-dependent — reviewer to confirm framing.

Noon Cortisol (Saliva)

Noon Cortisol

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Approximately 1.5–4.0 ng/mL (4–11 nmol/L); method-specific.

Noradrenaline

NE

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Laboratory-specific; typically 15–80 µg/g creatinine for random urine.

Noradrenaline

NE

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Laboratory-specific; typically 30–100 µg/mg creatinine.

Norepinephrine

NE

Tests: 3 tests
Reference range: Laboratory-specific; typically 15–80 µg/g creatinine in random urine.

Norepinephrine

NE

Tests: 4 tests
Reference range: Laboratory-specific functional ranges provided by Sanesco; distinct from 24-hour urinary or plasma metanephrine assays used in phaeochromocytoma screening.

Norepinephrine (Noradrenaline), 24-Hour Urine

NE

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: 15–100 µg/24h # REVIEWER FLAG: Confirm Doctor's Data reference range — norepinephrine reference intervals vary by age and are sensitive to pre-analytical conditions.

Norepinephrine (Noradrenaline), Urine

NE

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: # REVIEWER FLAG: Confirm Sanesco reference range for urinary norepinephrine.

Nutrient and Toxic Elements (e.g. magnesium, zinc, copper, selenium; lead, mercury, arsenic, cadmium)

Elements

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Reported per element against method- and specimen-specific intervals (whole blood and/or urine) # REVIEWER FLAG: Element intervals are specimen- and method-specific; the clinical validity of the measurement depends heavily on the specimen used — reviewer to confirm which specimen each element is measured in and the corresponding intervals.

Nutrient Elements / Minerals (RBC / Whole Blood)

Elements

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Per-element reference intervals # REVIEWER FLAG: Confirm Genova element list, specimen (RBC vs whole blood), and ranges; clarify whether toxic elements are included.

Nutritional and Metabolic Indicator Panel — Glycosaminoglycan, Phosphate, and Miscellaneous Markers

Nutritional Indicators

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: # REVIEWER FLAG: Confirm Mosaic Diagnostics reference ranges for remaining nutritional and metabolic indicator markers in the current OAT panel — including phosphoric acid (renal tubular phosphate handling), succinic acid (Krebs cycle entry marker — also listed above, confirm if reported separately), and any additional analytes in the current Mosaic OAT not captured in the above sections. The full analyte list should be reconciled against the current Mosaic Diagnostics OAT test menu.

O

Occludin and Claudin Antibodies IgG

TJ-IgG

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Laboratory-specific functional threshold.

Ochratoxin A

OTA

Tests: 3 tests
Reference range: Laboratory provides detection thresholds; presence at any quantifiable level is significant.

Ochratoxin A, Urine

OTA

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: # REVIEWER FLAG: Confirm Mosaic Diagnostics reference range for urinary Ochratoxin A — values are proprietary to Mosaic's population dataset and not standardised across laboratories or regulatory agencies. Confirm whether Mosaic reports raw concentration (ppb), creatinine-corrected values (ng/g creatinine), or both.

Oestradiol

E2

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Adult males approximately 10–40 pg/mL; premenopausal females vary widely with menstrual phase (follicular 20–150, mid-cycle surge 150–400, luteal 60–200 pg/mL); postmenopausal <30 pg/mL; LC-MS platform-specific.

Oestradiol (17-beta-oestradiol)

E2

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Follicular: 20–150 pg/mL; mid-cycle peak: 150–750 pg/mL; luteal: 30–450 pg/mL; postmenopausal: <30 pg/mL # REVIEWER FLAG: Reference ranges are phase-, sex-, and assay-dependent — reviewer to confirm against Quest's assay-specific intervals.

Oestradiol (Dried Blood Spot)

E2

Tests: 2 tests
Reference range: Adult male approximately 10–50 pg/mL (DBS); adult female follicular approximately 20–150 pg/mL, luteal 40–250 pg/mL; method-specific.

Oestradiol (Dried Urine, GCMS)

E₂

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Method- and sex-specific; varies widely across menstrual phase and menopausal status.

Oestradiol (dried urine)

E2

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Varies by sex, menstrual phase, and menopausal status; laboratory provides phase- and age-adjusted intervals.

Oestradiol (E2)

E2

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Cycle-phase dependent — early follicular approximately 20–80 pg/mL, rising to a pre-ovulatory peak; postmenopausal typically <30 pg/mL

Oestradiol (Saliva)

E2

Tests: 2 tests
Reference range: Sex-, cycle-, and method-specific salivary intervals # REVIEWER FLAG: Salivary oestradiol intervals are proprietary to the ZRT LC-MS method and are not interchangeable with serum or other salivary assays — reviewer to confirm against the laboratory's current intervals.

Oestriol (dried urine)

E3

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Varies by reproductive status; rises dramatically in pregnancy.

Oestrogen Metabolite Ratios (2-OH, 4-OH, 16-OH pathways)

E₂ metabolites

Tests: 2 tests
Reference range: Laboratory-specific; 2-hydroxy:16α-hydroxy ratio >2.0 sometimes considered favourable.

Oestrogen Metabolites (Oestrone, Oestradiol, Oestriol and 2-OH, 4-OH, 16-OH pathways)

Oestrogens

Tests: 2 tests
Reference range: Sex-, cycle-, and menopausal-status-specific dried-urine intervals reported per metabolite # REVIEWER FLAG: Oestrogen-metabolite reference intervals are sex-, cycle-, and menopausal-status-specific and proprietary to the Precision Analytical dried-urine method; not interchangeable with serum — reviewer to confirm against the laboratory's current intervals.

Oestrone

E1

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Premenopausal females: approximately 17–200 pg/mL depending on cycle phase; postmenopausal: 7–40 pg/mL; adult males: 10–60 pg/mL # REVIEWER FLAG: Reference intervals are sex-, cycle-, and menopausal-status-specific and assay-dependent; immunoassays perform poorly at low concentrations and LC-MS/MS is preferred — reviewer to confirm against Access Medical Laboratories' assay-specific ranges and methodology.

Oestrone (dried urine)

E1

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Varies widely by sex, menopausal status, and time of cycle; method-specific norms provided by laboratory.

Omega-3 Index

O3I

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Typically reported as a percentage of total erythrocyte fatty acids; <4% considered very low, 4–8% intermediate, >8% desirable for cardiovascular health.

Opportunistic and Pathogenic Bacteria

Opportunistic Pathogens

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: None to trace; laboratory-specific thresholds for Clostridium difficile, pathogenic Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, Proteus, Pseudomonas, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, and others.

Organ-Specific Epigenetic Age Scores (TruHealth)

Organ Age

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Compared to chronological age — organ-specific biological age above chronological age indicates accelerated organ-level ageing in that system. # REVIEWER FLAG: Confirm which organ systems TruDiagnostic currently reports organ-specific epigenetic age for in the TruHealth report — published organ clock research covers liver, kidney, brain, heart, lung, and immune system among others. Confirm which are validated and currently included in TruDiagnostic's TruHealth output, and whether these are derived from Yang et al. organ clock methodology or a proprietary TruDiagnostic implementation.

Organic Acids (Metabolic Analysis Markers — energy, B-vitamin, neurotransmitter, and detoxification-related)

Organic Acids

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Reported per analyte against method-specific, creatinine-corrected urinary intervals # REVIEWER FLAG: Organic-acid reference intervals are proprietary to the Genova method and creatinine-corrected; the clinical utility of several individual markers is debated — reviewer to confirm reported analytes, intervals, and bound interpretive claims.

Oxalate and Glycolate Metabolism Markers

Oxalate Markers

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: # REVIEWER FLAG: Confirm Mosaic Diagnostics reference ranges for oxalic acid, glyceric acid, and glycolic acid — the primary markers of oxalate metabolism and primary hyperoxaluria screening. Reference intervals differ between age groups and should be verified against Mosaic's current data.

Oxalate Metabolism

Oxalate, glycolate, glycerate

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Laboratory-specific ranges; oxalate typically <40–50 mmol/mol creatinine in healthy adults

Oxidative Stress & Detoxification Markers

Oxidative/Detox OA

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Reported against per-marker reference intervals # REVIEWER FLAG: Confirm ranges.

Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Defence Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms

SOD2, GPX1, CAT variants

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Genotype at superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase loci.

Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Markers (e.g. 8-OHdG, lipid peroxides, glutathione, CoQ10, vitamin E)

Oxidative Stress

Tests: 2 tests
Reference range: Reported per marker against method-specific intervals # REVIEWER FLAG: Oxidative-stress marker intervals are method-specific and the clinical actionability of several markers is debated — reviewer to confirm reported analytes and bound claims.

Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Status Markers

Oxidative Markers

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: # REVIEWER FLAG: Confirm Mosaic Diagnostics reference ranges for oxidative stress markers — including 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG — oxidative DNA damage marker), hydroxymethylglutaric acid (HMG-CoA reductase pathway marker), methylglutaric acid, p-hydroxyphenyllactic acid, and pyroglutamic acid (gamma-glutamyl cycle — marker of glutathione production and cysteine availability). Reference intervals are proprietary to Mosaic's dataset.

Oxidative Stress and Organic Acid Markers (8-OHdG and selected OATs)

8-OHdG / OATs

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Method-specific dried-urine intervals for each marker # REVIEWER FLAG: Organic-acid and 8-OHdG intervals are method-specific and the clinical utility of several OAT markers is debated — reviewer to confirm intervals and bound interpretive claims.

Oxidative Stress Pathway Gene Panel (e.g. SOD, antioxidant-defence variants)

Oxidative Stress

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Genotype result reported per variant; no numeric reference range applies # REVIEWER FLAG: Genotype result — reviewer to confirm reported variants.

P

Pancreatic Elastase-1

PE-1

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: >200 µg/g normal; 100–200 µg/g mild to moderate insufficiency; <100 µg/g severe exocrine insufficiency.

Pancreatic Elastase-1

PE-1

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: >200 µg/g normal; 100–200 µg/g moderate insufficiency; <100 µg/g severe exocrine pancreatic insufficiency # REVIEWER FLAG: Confirm Genova cut-offs.

Parasites (Ova, Cysts, Trophozoites)

Parasites

Tests: 2 tests
Reference range: None detected.

Parathyroid Hormone, Intact (iPTH, PTH 1-84)

iPTH

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: 15–65 pg/mL (1.6–6.9 pmol/L) # REVIEWER FLAG: Confirm Boston Heart Diagnostics reference range for intact PTH — values vary between immunoassay platforms and generations. Second-generation intact PTH assays (measuring PTH 1-84 plus PTH 7-84 fragments) and third-generation whole/bio-intact PTH assays (measuring PTH 1-84 exclusively) produce different numerical results and have different reference intervals. Confirm which assay generation Boston Heart Diagnostics uses and whether the reference range is age-stratified — PTH rises modestly with age, particularly in postmenopausal women with vitamin D insufficiency.

Pathobiont and Dysbiosis Marker Presence

Pathobionts

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Presence and relative abundance of Clostridioides difficile, pathogenic Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, Enterobacter, and other taxa associated with dysbiosis; reported with context-specific interpretation notes.

Pathobiont and pathogen detection

Pathobionts

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Absence or very low abundance of Clostridioides difficile, Klebsiella, enteropathogenic E. coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida.

Pathogen PCR Detection Panel

Pathogen PCR

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: All pathogens not detected.

Pathogenic Bacteria

Pathogens

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Not detected or within non-pathogenic range.

Pathogenic Bacteria, Parasites & Yeast Screen

Pathogens

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Not detected is the expected normal result # REVIEWER FLAG: Confirm Genova's culture/PCR pathogen and parasite target list.

Pathogenic Bacterial Isolates

Culture

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: No growth of Salmonella, Shigella, Campylobacter, Yersinia, pathogenic E. coli, Vibrio, or Aeromonas species; see laboratory-specific reporting criteria.

PCPhenoAge (Levine PhenoAge Epigenetic Clock)

PhenoAge

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Compared to chronological age — a PhenoAge below chronological age indicates biological age acceleration in the favourable direction; PhenoAge above chronological age indicates biological age acceleration. Population average: PhenoAge ≈ chronological age. # REVIEWER FLAG: Confirm TruDiagnostic's specific PhenoAge reporting format — TruDiagnostic may report as a raw biological age in years, as an age acceleration delta (PhenoAge − chronological age), or as a percentile relative to a reference population. Confirm which version of PhenoAge is implemented (original Levine 2018, PC-corrected version, or updated iteration).

Peanut Specific IgE

f13 Peanut sIgE

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Class 0 (<0.35 kU/L) negative; Classes 1–6 semiquantitative. Whole-extract IgE does not distinguish storage-protein from cross-reactive sensitisation.

Pediatric Urine Collection Bag System

N/A

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Not applicable — this is a collection accessory, not an analyte measurement.

Penicillium chrysogenum IgE

Pen ch IgE

Tests: 3 tests
Reference range: <0.35 kU/L negative; 0.35–0.69 equivocal; ≥0.70 positive.

Penicillium notatum IgG antibody

Pen not IgG

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Negative or low; laboratory-specific cut-off.

Penicillium notatum-specific IgE

Penicillium IgE

Tests: 2 tests
Reference range: <0.35 kU/L is negative; ≥0.35 kU/L is positive, with graded classes.

Penicillium species

Penicillium spp.

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Background levels typically <5 spores/mg; elevated >10 spores/mg.

Penicillium Species Spore Count

Penicillium spp.

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Laboratory provides comparative thresholds; no universal environmental limit exists.

Percent Free PSA (calculated)

% Free PSA

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: A higher percent free PSA favours benign disease; a low percentage (e.g. <10–25% depending on the cut-off used) is associated with higher cancer likelihood # REVIEWER FLAG: Percent-free-PSA cut-offs vary by source and assay — reviewer to confirm the threshold and framing adopted by BiomarkersLabs.com.

Phase I and Phase II Detoxification Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms

CYP1A2, CYP1B1, GSTT1, GSTM1, NAT2 variants

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Presence or absence of functional alleles; rapid, intermediate, or slow metaboliser phenotypes inferred.

Phenylethylamine

PEA

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Laboratory-specific; typically 1–10 µg/g creatinine for random urine.

Phenylethylamine

PEA

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Laboratory-specific functional range; Sanesco reports normalised to creatinine and scored relative to proprietary reference population.

Phoma betae IgE

Pho b IgE

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: <0.35 kU/L negative; 0.35–0.69 equivocal; ≥0.70 positive.

Phosphorus (Inorganic Phosphate)

PO4

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Adults: 2.5–4.5 mg/dL (0.81–1.45 mmol/L); higher in children and adolescents

Plasma Aldosterone Concentration

PAC

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Typically 2–30 ng/dL (55–830 pmol/L) upright, lower when supine; method- and posture-dependent.

Plasma Renin Activity

PRA

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Approximately 0.2–3.3 ng/mL/h upright (supine lower); assay-, laboratory-, and posture-dependent.

Platelet Count and Mean Platelet Volume

PLT / MPV

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Platelets: 150–400 ×10³/µL; MPV: 7.5–12.5 fL # REVIEWER FLAG: Confirm Access Medical Laboratories reference ranges for platelet count and MPV — MPV reference intervals are analyser-platform-specific and not universally standardised. Confirm whether MPV is reported as a standard CBC component or requires separate order.

Platelet Count and Mean Platelet Volume

PLT / MPV

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Platelets: 140–400 ×10³/µL; MPV: 7.5–12.5 fL # REVIEWER FLAG: Confirm Quest Diagnostics reference ranges for platelet count and MPV — Quest's platelet lower limit may be 140 or 150 ×10³/µL depending on the platform version. Confirm whether MPV is a standard CBC component in Quest's panel or requires separate reporting, and whether Quest's specific platelet critical value threshold is <50 ×10³/µL or <20 ×10³/µL.

Platelet Count and Mean Platelet Volume

PLT / MPV

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Platelets: 150–400 ×10³/µL; MPV: 7.5–12.5 fL # REVIEWER FLAG: Confirm Boston Heart Diagnostics reference ranges for platelet count and MPV — MPV ranges vary between haematology analyser platforms and are not universally standardised. Confirm whether MPV is reported as a standard component of Boston Heart's CBC.

Platinum (Urine)

Pt

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: <0.05 µg/g creatinine (non-exposed individuals)

Polygenic Atrial Fibrillation Risk Score

PRS-AF

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Reported as population percentile (0–100th) and fold-risk relative to median; derived from assayed SNPs weighted by effect size.

Potassium

K

Tests: 6 tests
Reference range: Approximately 3.5–5.1 mmol/L (serum); plasma intervals run slightly lower.

Potassium Hydroxide Preparation for Yeast Identification

KOH Yeast Prep

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Negative or minimal; grading scales vary by laboratory.

Potassium, Serum

K⁺

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: 3.5–5.1 mEq/L (3.5–5.1 mmol/L) # REVIEWER FLAG: Confirm Quest Diagnostics potassium reference range — upper limit is 5.0 mEq/L on some platforms. Confirm critical value thresholds (<2.5 mEq/L and ≥6.0–6.5 mEq/L) and whether Quest includes a haemolysis index flagging on potassium results.

Potassium, Serum

K⁺

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: 3.5–5.1 mEq/L (3.5–5.1 mmol/L) # REVIEWER FLAG: Confirm Access Medical Laboratories reference range for serum potassium — upper and lower limits vary slightly between laboratories (some use 3.5–5.0, others 3.5–5.3 mEq/L). Confirm whether Access Medical Laboratories applies age-stratified reference intervals — serum potassium is modestly higher in neonates and infants. Confirm critical value thresholds flagged on Access Medical Laboratories reports — most laboratories flag <2.5 mEq/L and ≥6.0–6.5 mEq/L as critical values requiring urgent clinical notification.

Pregnenolone (by LC-MS/MS)

PREG

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Adults: approximately 10–230 ng/dL (0.3–7.3 nmol/L), strongly age-, sex-, and (in women) cycle-dependent

Procalcitonin (as calcitonin precursor; distinct from the sepsis marker)

ProCT

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Not routinely reported as a derived marker on this assay; interpreted qualitatively when discordant with mature calcitonin.

Progesterone

P4

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Follicular phase <1 ng/mL; mid-luteal 5–20 ng/mL; method- and timing-specific.

Progesterone

P4

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Follicular phase <1 ng/mL, mid-luteal phase 5–20 ng/mL in ovulatory cycles; males and postmenopausal females <1 ng/mL; method-specific.

Progesterone

Tests: 4 tests
Reference range: Follicular phase: 0.1–0.8 ng/mL; Luteal phase: 1.7–27.0 ng/mL; Postmenopausal: <0.1 ng/mL # REVIEWER FLAG: Confirm Access Medical Laboratories phase-specific reference ranges. Luteal phase ranges vary significantly between laboratories — some extend to 27 ng/mL, others to 20 ng/mL. Cycle day of collection is essential context.

Progesterone (Dried Urine, GCMS)

P₄

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Method- and phase-specific; luteal values far exceed follicular.

Progesterone (dried urine)

Pg

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Varies by menstrual phase; luteal-phase values typically >200 ng/mg creatinine indicate ovulation.

Progesterone (LC-MS dried blood spot)

P4

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Sex- and phase-specific; adult female follicular <1 ng/mL, luteal 5–20 ng/mL, postmenopausal and male typically <1 ng/mL. Pregnancy values substantially higher. ZRT platform-specific intervals apply.

Progesterone (Saliva)

P4

Tests: 2 tests
Reference range: Cycle-, sex-, and method-specific salivary intervals # REVIEWER FLAG: Salivary progesterone intervals are proprietary and cycle-dependent — reviewer to confirm against the laboratory's current intervals.

Progesterone Metabolites (a-Pregnanediol, b-Pregnanediol)

Progesterone Metabolites

Tests: 2 tests
Reference range: Cycle-, sex-, and method-specific dried-urine intervals # REVIEWER FLAG: Progesterone-metabolite intervals are cycle- and method-specific and proprietary — reviewer to confirm against the laboratory's current intervals.

Progesterone metabolites (pregnanediol-3-glucuronide, others)

Prog-M

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Follicular phase: <1–5 µg/g creatinine; luteal phase: 10–100+ µg/g creatinine; post-menopausal: <2 µg/g creatinine (laboratory-specific).

Progesterone-to-androgen ratio (derived)

Prog:A

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: No universally accepted reference; functional practitioners interpret relative balance.

Prolactin

PRL

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Non-pregnant women approximately 4–23 ng/mL (85–500 mIU/L); substantially higher in pregnancy and lactation

Prolactin

PRL

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Non-pregnant women: approximately 4–23 ng/mL (85–500 mIU/L); men: approximately 3–15 ng/mL (65–320 mIU/L); substantially higher in pregnancy and lactation

Prostate-Specific Antigen, Free

Free PSA

Tests: 2 tests
Reference range: Reported as an absolute value and used to calculate the percent free PSA; no standalone threshold # REVIEWER FLAG: Free PSA is interpreted via the percent free calculation, not a fixed cut-off — reviewer to confirm reporting against LabCorp's assay.

Prostate-Specific Antigen, Total

PSA

Tests: 4 tests
Reference range: Commonly <4.0 ng/mL, with age-specific and risk-adjusted thresholds; there is no single threshold that excludes cancer # REVIEWER FLAG: PSA thresholds are age-specific, assay-dependent, and contested — reviewer to confirm framing and the age-adjusted intervals adopted by BiomarkersLabs.com.

Prostatic Acid Phosphatase

PAP

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Approximately 0–3.5 ng/mL, assay-specific.

Proteobacteria (phylum) — dysbiosis signal

Proteobacteria

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Relative abundance at phylum level; typically a minor fraction of the adult gut community, with higher proportions flagged as a potential instability signal.

R

Red Blood Cell Alloantibodies

RBC Ab

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Negative for clinically significant antibodies.

Red Blood Cell Antibody Identification

Ab ID

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Not applicable; reported as the identity of detected antibody or antibodies.

Red Blood Cell Antibody Screen

Ab Screen

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Negative for clinically significant antibodies; titre reported as reciprocal dilution (e.g. 1:2, 1:4) if positive.

Red Blood Cell Antibody Titre

Ab Titre

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Varies by antibody and clinical scenario; titre ≥1:16 or a fourfold rise during pregnancy often prompts enhanced fetal monitoring.

Red Blood Cell Antigen Typing

RBC Phenotype

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Reported as the presence or absence of specified antigens; no universal 'normal' — results reflect the patient's inherited phenotype.

Red Blood Cell Count and Erythrocyte Indices

RBC Indices

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: RBC (M): 4.5–5.9 ×10⁶/µL; RBC (F): 3.8–5.2 ×10⁶/µL; Hgb (M): 13.5–17.5 g/dL; Hgb (F): 11.5–15.5 g/dL; Hct (M): 41–53%; Hct (F): 36–46%; MCV: 80–100 fL; MCH: 27–33 pg; MCHC: 32–36 g/dL; RDW: 11.5–14.5% # REVIEWER FLAG: Confirm Boston Heart Diagnostics sex-specific and age-stratified reference ranges for all erythrocyte parameters — ranges are particularly important to verify for Hgb and Hct where sex-specific thresholds define anaemia. Confirm analyser-specific MCHC range.

Red Blood Cell Count, Haemoglobin, Haematocrit, and Erythrocyte Indices

RBC / Hgb / Hct / Indices

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: RBC (M): 4.5–5.9 ×10⁶/µL; RBC (F): 3.8–5.2 ×10⁶/µL; Hgb (M): 13.5–17.5 g/dL; Hgb (F): 11.5–15.5 g/dL; Hct (M): 41–53%; Hct (F): 36–46%; MCV: 80–100 fL; MCH: 27–33 pg; MCHC: 32–36 g/dL; RDW: 11.5–14.5% # REVIEWER FLAG: Confirm Access Medical Laboratories sex-specific and age-stratified reference ranges for all erythrocyte parameters.

Red Blood Cell Count, Haemoglobin, Haematocrit, and Erythrocyte Indices

RBC / Hgb / Hct / Indices

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: RBC (M): 4.5–5.9 ×10⁶/µL; RBC (F): 3.8–5.2 ×10⁶/µL; Hgb (M): 13.2–17.1 g/dL; Hgb (F): 11.7–15.5 g/dL; Hct (M): 39.5–51.0%; Hct (F): 34.0–46.0%; MCV: 79–97 fL; MCH: 26–32 pg; MCHC: 31–35 g/dL; RDW: 11.5–15.0% # REVIEWER FLAG: Confirm Quest Diagnostics sex-specific and age-stratified reference intervals for all erythrocyte parameters — Quest's haemoglobin, haematocrit, and MCV ranges may differ from those used in other files; the above values are approximate Quest platform ranges, verify against current Quest documentation.

Red Blood Cell Magnesium

RBC Mg

Tests: 2 tests
Reference range: 4.2–6.8 mg/dL (1.73–2.80 mmol/L) # REVIEWER FLAG: RBC magnesium reference intervals vary considerably by laboratory and method — reviewer to confirm against Access Medical Laboratories' assay-specific range.

Reticulocyte Count and Reticulocyte Production Index

Retic / RPI

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Reticulocyte count: 0.5–2.0%; Absolute reticulocyte count: 25–125 ×10³/µL; Reticulocyte Production Index (RPI): ≥2.0 (adequate marrow response) # REVIEWER FLAG: Confirm Access Medical Laboratories reference range for reticulocyte count and confirm whether they report absolute reticulocyte count and/or RPI as standard components of this panel. RPI calculation requires haematocrit input alongside the reticulocyte percentage — confirm whether this is automatically derived or requires manual calculation by the practitioner.

Reverse Triiodothyronine

Reverse T3

Tests: 3 tests
Reference range: 9.2–24.1 ng/dL (14.2–37.2 pmol/L) # REVIEWER FLAG: Confirm Access Medical Laboratories reference range for Reverse T3 — values are assay-specific and rT3 reference intervals vary substantially between laboratories. Confirm assay methodology (RIA vs LC-MS/MS) as methodology significantly affects the numerical range. Also confirm whether rT3 is included in the Access Medical Laboratories Thyroid Panel Comprehensive or is a separate add-on order.

Rhizopus nigricans IgE

Rhi n IgE

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: <0.35 kU/L negative; 0.35–0.69 equivocal; ≥0.70 positive.

Rhizopus stolonifer-specific IgE

Rhi s IgE

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: <0.35 kU/L negative; ≥0.70 positive.

Roridin E

ROR-E

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: <0.30 ng/mg creatinine

S

S100B Antibodies IgG

S100B IgG

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Laboratory-specific functional threshold.

Salivary Cortisol — Afternoon

Cortisol PM

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: 0.6–1.9 ng/mL (1.7–5.2 nmol/L) # REVIEWER FLAG: Confirm Genova Diagnostics reference range and collection window for afternoon salivary cortisol — typically collected between 16:00 and 18:00 hours. Confirm exact collection window specified in the Genova Diagnostics collection kit.

Salivary Cortisol — Evening

PM Cortisol

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Continues to fall through the day; an indicative evening interval is roughly 0.6–1.9 ng/mL, specific to collection time.

Salivary Cortisol — Midday

Noon Cortisol

Tests: 2 tests
Reference range: 1.2–3.0 ng/mL (3.3–8.3 nmol/L) # REVIEWER FLAG: Confirm Genova Diagnostics reference range and collection window for noon salivary cortisol — typically collected between 11:00 and 13:00 hours. Values reflect the post-CAR decline phase of the diurnal curve.

Salivary Cortisol — Morning (on waking)

AM Cortisol

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Highest value of the day; a representative waking interval is roughly 3.7–9.5 ng/mL, but the figure is specific to the time of collection relative to waking.

Salivary Cortisol — Morning (Waking, Cortisol Awakening Response)

Cortisol AM

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Waking: 3.7–9.5 ng/mL (10.2–26.2 nmol/L); 30 minutes post-waking (CAR peak): 7.0–18.0 ng/mL (19.3–49.6 nmol/L) # REVIEWER FLAG: Confirm Genova Diagnostics reference ranges for waking and 30-minute post-waking salivary cortisol — values are population-dataset-specific and not standardised across platforms. Confirm whether Genova captures the CAR as a discrete second time point or captures only a single morning waking value.

Salivary Cortisol — Night (bedtime)

Night Cortisol

Tests: 2 tests
Reference range: 0.1–0.5 ng/mL (0.3–1.4 nmol/L) # REVIEWER FLAG: Confirm Genova Diagnostics reference range and collection window for night/bedtime salivary cortisol — typically collected between 22:00 and 24:00 hours or at the patient's habitual bedtime. Confirm exact window in the Genova Diagnostics collection kit.

Salivary Cortisol, Diurnal Profile (multiple timed collections across the day)

Diurnal Cortisol

Tests: 2 tests
Reference range: Time-point-specific: highest on waking, declining through the day to a low at night. Per-time-point reference intervals # REVIEWER FLAG: Time-point intervals are assay-/laboratory-specific — confirm ZRT ranges before publication.

Salivary DHEA (adrenal androgen)

DHEA

Tests: 4 tests
Reference range: Reported against age- and sex-specific reference intervals # REVIEWER FLAG: Confirm ZRT salivary DHEA/DHEA-S analyte, units, and age/sex bands; salivary DHEA is less standardised than serum DHEA-S.

Salivary Free Cortisol (Single Timepoint)

Cortisol

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Time-dependent; varies by collection interval and proprietary DUTCH reference data.

Secretory Immunoglobulin A

SIgA

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Laboratory-specific; typical range approximately 500–2,000 µg/g stool.

Secretory Immunoglobulin A

sIgA

Tests: 2 tests
Reference range: Laboratory-specific; typically 0.5–2.0 mg/dL or similar.

Selenium

Se

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Whole blood selenium 70–150 µg/L, geography- and diet-dependent.

Selenium (Blood)

Se

Tests: 2 tests
Reference range: ZRT laboratory-specific; approximately 70–150 µg/L, varies by geography and dietary intake.

Selenium, Urine

Se

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Approximately 20–100 µg/g creatinine; population norms vary by region and diet.

Semiquantitative Specific IgE Class Score

sIgE Class

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Class 0 negative (<0.35 kU/L); Class 1 low (0.35–0.69); Class 2 moderate (0.70–3.49); Class 3 high (3.50–17.4); Class 4 very high (17.5–49.9); Class 5 (50–99.9); Class 6 extremely high (≥100).

Serotonin

5-HT

Tests: 4 tests
Reference range: Method-specific; clinical laboratories prefer 24-hour collections for carcinoid screening.

Serotonin

5-HT

Tests: 5 tests
Reference range: Laboratory-specific functional range; Sanesco reports normalised to creatinine and scored relative to proprietary reference population.

Serotonin (5-Hydroxytryptamine), 24-Hour Urine

5-HT

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: 46–272 µg/24h # REVIEWER FLAG: Confirm Doctor's Data reference range — values vary between laboratory platforms and are age- and sex-adjusted in some protocols.

Serotonin (5-Hydroxytryptamine), Urine

5-HT

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: # REVIEWER FLAG: Confirm Sanesco reference range for urinary serotonin — Sanesco uses creatinine-corrected reporting for random urine specimens. Reference intervals are proprietary to Sanesco's population dataset and will differ from other laboratories' ranges.

Serum Copper

Cu

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Approximately 70–140 µg/dL (11–22 µmol/L), age- and sex-specific.

Serum Cortisol (30 Minutes Post-Waking)

Cortisol-30m

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Expected to rise 50–75% above waking value in the cortisol awakening response.

Serum Cortisol (Bedtime)

Cortisol-Night

Tests: 2 tests
Reference range: Typically <1.5–3 nmol/L or approximately <0.5–1.0 ng/mL in saliva at bedtime.

Serum Cortisol (Waking)

Cortisol-0h

Tests: 2 tests
Reference range: Method-specific; typically 10–25 nmol/L or approximately 3.6–9.0 ng/mL in saliva at waking.

Serum Creatinine

Cr

Tests: 6 tests
Reference range: Approximately 0.6–1.2 mg/dL in women, 0.7–1.3 mg/dL in men; varies by age, sex, and muscle mass.

Serum Ferritin

Ferritin

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Approximately 15–200 ng/mL in women, 30–300 ng/mL in men; paediatric ranges differ.

Serum Folate

Folate

Tests: 3 tests
Reference range: >3.0 ng/mL (>6.8 nmol/L) # REVIEWER FLAG: Confirm Access Medical Laboratories reference range for serum folate — the lower limit varies between laboratories (some use >2.7, others >4.0 ng/mL). Confirm whether Access Medical Laboratories reports serum folate, RBC folate, or both. RBC folate (150–450 ng/mL RBC) reflects tissue folate stores over the erythrocyte lifespan and is a more stable, nutritionally meaningful marker than serum folate, which reflects recent dietary intake and fluctuates substantially with meals. Confirm which specimen type is included in the Access Medical Laboratories Anaemia Panel.

Serum Magnesium

Mg

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Approximately 1.7–2.3 mg/dL (0.70–0.95 mmol/L).

Serum Uric Acid

UA

Tests: 3 tests
Reference range: Adult males: 3.4–7.0 mg/dL (202–416 µmol/L); adult females: 2.4–6.0 mg/dL (143–357 µmol/L) # REVIEWER FLAG: Reference intervals are sex- and assay-dependent — reviewer to confirm against Access Medical Laboratories' assay-specific ranges.

Serum Zinc

Zn

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Approximately 60–130 µg/dL, age- and sex-adjusted.

Sex Hormone Binding Globulin

SHBG

Tests: 2 tests
Reference range: Female: 17–120 nmol/L # REVIEWER FLAG: SHBG reference ranges are sex-specific and vary with age, menopausal status, and oestrogen exposure — confirm Access Medical Laboratories age-stratified female reference range.

Sex Hormone Binding Globulin

SHBG

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Adult men: approximately 10–57 nmol/L; adult women: approximately 18–144 nmol/L, varying with age, oestrogen status, and pregnancy

Sex Hormone Binding Globulin (dried blood spot)

SHBG

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Sex- and age-specific; adult male approximately 10–60 nmol/L, female 20–120 nmol/L. ZRT platform-specific intervals apply.

Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin

SHBG

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Adult males approximately 10–55 nmol/L; adult females 20–120 nmol/L; method- and age-specific.

Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin (Dried Blood Spot)

SHBG

Tests: 2 tests
Reference range: Adult male 10–57 nmol/L; adult female 18–114 nmol/L; intervals are method- and population-dependent.

Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin (SHBG), Serum

SHBG

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Male (18+): 16.5–55.9 nmol/L; Female (18+): 17.3–125.0 nmol/L # REVIEWER FLAG: Confirm LabCorp sex-specific and age-stratified reference ranges for SHBG — SHBG rises substantially with age and differs considerably between sexes; the ranges above are approximate LabCorp values. Confirm whether LabCorp provides separate premenopausal and postmenopausal female ranges, and confirm whether age-stratified male ranges are reported.

Short-Chain Fatty Acid / Butyrate Biosynthesis Pathway Potential

SCFA/butyrate potential

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Functional potential inferred from gene and pathway abundance in the metagenome (e.g. counts per million), reported against the laboratory's reference distribution — this reflects genetic capacity, not measured metabolite concentrations.

Short-Chain Fatty Acid Producer Abundance

SCFA producers

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Combined relative abundance of butyrate-, acetate-, and propionate-producing taxa (Faecalibacterium, Roseburia, Blautia, Eubacterium, among others); age-stratified reference percentiles.

Short-Chain Fatty Acids (Acetate, Propionate, Butyrate)

SCFA

Tests: 4 tests
Reference range: Reported as total SCFA and percentage distribution (acetate, propionate, n-butyrate) against reference intervals # REVIEWER FLAG: Confirm Genova reporting format and ranges.

Shrimp Specific IgE

f24 Shrimp sIgE

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Class 0 (<0.35 kU/L) negative; Classes 1–6 semiquantitative.

Sodium

Na

Tests: 6 tests
Reference range: Approximately 136–145 mmol/L; assay-specific.

Sodium, Serum

Na⁺

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: 136–145 mEq/L (136–145 mmol/L) # REVIEWER FLAG: Confirm Quest Diagnostics reference range for serum sodium — ranges are tightly consistent across platforms (typically 136–145 mEq/L) but confirm Quest's specific values and critical value thresholds (<125 mEq/L and >155 mEq/L).

Soybean Specific IgE

f14 Soy sIgE

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Class 0 (<0.35 kU/L) negative; higher classes indicate greater sensitisation.

Specific Autoantibodies (Reflex Panel)

Reflex ENA, dsDNA, others

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Negative for each specific antibody; thresholds vary by analyte and method.

SpectrOx (Oxidative Stress Marker)

SpectrOx

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Reported as a functional oxidative stress score; higher values indicate greater oxidative burden. SpectraCell proprietary intervals apply.

Stachybotrys chartarum

S. chartarum

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Detection threshold <0.5 spores/mg; elevated risk >1.0 spores/mg.

Stachybotrys chartarum IgE

Sta c IgE

Tests: 2 tests
Reference range: <0.35 kU/L negative; 0.35–0.69 equivocal; ≥0.70 positive.

Stachybotrys chartarum Spore Count

Stachybotrys

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Detection at any quantifiable level is considered significant; Stachybotrys is not normally present indoors.

Sterigmatocystin

STC

Tests: 2 tests
Reference range: Below assay detection threshold considered normal # REVIEWER FLAG: Confirm RealTime cut-off.

Sterigmatocystin, Urine

STE

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: # REVIEWER FLAG: Confirm Mosaic Diagnostics reference range for urinary sterigmatocystin — an IARC Group 2B possible human carcinogen and structural precursor to aflatoxin B1.

Superoxide Dismutase 2 Ala16Val Variant

SOD2 A16V

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Ala/Ala, Ala/Val, Val/Val

Symmetric Dimethylarginine

SDMA

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Approximately 0.40–0.60 µmol/L; population intervals vary by assay.

T

T-2 Toxin

T2

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: <0.50 ng/mg creatinine

Telomere Length (Epigenetic Estimate from DNA Methylation)

TL (Epi)

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Compared to age-matched population reference — results reported relative to age-matched norms. # REVIEWER FLAG: Confirm whether TruDiagnostic reports epigenetic telomere length estimate in absolute kilobase units, as a relative ratio to a reference standard, or as an age-matched percentile. Clarify whether the TruDiagnostic TruHealth report provides a direct qPCR-based telomere length measurement or a methylation-derived epigenetic estimate of telomere length — these are methodologically distinct and clinically non-interchangeable.

Testosterone

T

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Adult male approximately 300–1,000 ng/dL; adult female 15–70 ng/dL; dried blood spot intervals are assay-specific and not directly equivalent to serum total testosterone.

Testosterone

T

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Adult males approximately 4.5–9.5 ng/mL; adult females 0.15–0.55 ng/mL; varies by age, sex, and LC-MS platform.

Testosterone

Tests: 2 tests
Reference range: Dried urine: varies by sex and menopausal status; proprietary method-specific intervals.

Testosterone (Dried Urine, GCMS)

T

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Sex- and method-specific.

Testosterone (LC-MS dried blood spot)

T

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Sex- and age-specific; typical adult male approximately 400–9000 pg/mL, female 200–800 pg/mL. ZRT platform-specific intervals apply.

Testosterone (Saliva)

T

Tests: 2 tests
Reference range: Sex- and method-specific salivary intervals # REVIEWER FLAG: Salivary testosterone intervals are sex-specific and proprietary — reviewer to confirm against the laboratory's current intervals.

Testosterone (urinary metabolites)

T

Tests: 2 tests
Reference range: Laboratory- and method-specific; typically 1–50 µg/g creatinine for adult women, higher for men.

Testosterone-to-Progesterone Ratio

T/P4

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: No universally accepted reference range; luteal-phase T/P4 <1.0 is sometimes used in functional interpretation of PCOS.

Testosterone, Bioavailable (Albumin-Bound + Free), Calculated

Bio-T

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Male (18–69): 110–575 ng/dL; Male (≥70): 16–200 ng/dL; Female (18+): 0.5–8.5 ng/dL # REVIEWER FLAG: Confirm whether bioavailable testosterone is reported as a standard calculated component of the LabCorp Testosterone, Free and Total with SHBG panel or requires separate order. Bioavailable testosterone — the sum of albumin-bound and free testosterone fractions — is calculated from total testosterone, SHBG, and albumin (assumed or measured). Confirm LabCorp's specific calculation method and whether albumin is measured or assumed at a constant. Confirm the reference ranges above against LabCorp's current panel documentation.

Testosterone, Bioavailable (calculated)

Bioavailable T

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Adult men ~110–575 ng/dL; method-dependent # REVIEWER FLAG: Reviewer to confirm Access Medical Laboratories method and range.

Testosterone, Free

Free T

Tests: 2 tests
Reference range: Adult men ~50–210 pg/mL; method-dependent # REVIEWER FLAG: Calculated free testosterone depends on the equation and albumin assumptions — reviewer to confirm Access Medical Laboratories method and range.

Testosterone, Free, Serum (Calculated or Direct)

Free T

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Male (18–69): 46–224 pg/mL (1.60–7.77 ng/dL); Male (≥70): 6–73 pg/mL (0.21–2.53 ng/dL); Female (18–69): 0.2–5.0 pg/mL (0.01–0.17 ng/dL) # REVIEWER FLAG: Confirm LabCorp free testosterone reference ranges and methodology. The most important pre-publication clarification is whether LabCorp measures free testosterone by equilibrium dialysis (gold standard), direct analogue immunoassay (not endorsed by the Endocrine Society due to poor accuracy, particularly in females and elderly), or calculates it from total testosterone, SHBG, and albumin using the Vermeulen or similar equation (a validated indirect method). The methodology determines both the reference range and the clinical accuracy of the result. The Endocrine Society specifically recommends against direct analogue immunoassay for free testosterone. Confirm LabCorp's current methodology for this panel.

Testosterone, Total

Total T

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Adult women approximately 8–60 ng/dL (0.3–2.1 nmol/L), assay-dependent

Testosterone, Total

Total T

Tests: 4 tests
Reference range: Adult males: ~264–916 ng/dL (9.2–31.8 nmol/L); adult females: ~8–60 ng/dL (0.3–2.1 nmol/L) # REVIEWER FLAG: Reference intervals are strongly sex- and age-dependent and assay-specific — reviewer to confirm against Quest's LC-MS/MS harmonised ranges.

Testosterone, Total (Dried Blood Spot)

T

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Adult male approximately 2.5–8.5 ng/mL (DBS); female approximately 0.1–0.8 ng/mL; method-specific.

Testosterone, Total, Serum

Total T

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Male (18+): 264–916 ng/dL (9.15–31.76 nmol/L); Female (18+): 10–55 ng/dL (0.35–1.91 nmol/L); Male (paediatric and age-stratified adult values available on request) # REVIEWER FLAG: Confirm LabCorp sex-specific and age-stratified reference ranges for total testosterone. LabCorp's male range has evolved following the Endocrine Society's re-evaluation of testosterone reference ranges; the range above is approximate. Confirm whether LabCorp uses LC-MS/MS (recommended by the Endocrine Society for accuracy, particularly at low female and paediatric concentrations) or immunoassay for total testosterone, as methodology materially affects numerical values and reference ranges, especially at the lower end of the female range.

Tetrahydrocortisol

THF

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Laboratory-specific; typically 1000–3000 µg/24 h.

Tetrahydrocortisone

THE

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Laboratory-specific; often 1500–4000 µg/24 h.

Thallium (Hair)

Tl

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Population reference limits are narrow; often <0.002–0.01 µg/g in unexposed groups.

Thallium (Tl), Urine, Random

Tl

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: <0.5 µg/g creatinine # REVIEWER FLAG: Confirm Mosaic Diagnostics reference range for urinary thallium — population reference values are not widely standardised.

Thallium (Urine)

Tl

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: <0.5 µg/g creatinine

THF + allo-THF to THE Ratio

(THF+allo-THF)/THE

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Laboratory-specific; typically 0.7–1.5.

Thyroglobulin Antibodies

Anti-Tg

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Typically <40 IU/mL; positive if above the laboratory threshold.

Thyroglobulin Antibodies

TgAb

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Negative: <4 IU/mL (method-dependent cut-off) # REVIEWER FLAG: TgAb cut-offs are highly assay-dependent and not interchangeable between platforms — reviewer to confirm against Access Medical Laboratories' assay-specific reference and units.

Thyroglobulin Antibodies (Dried Blood Spot)

Tg Ab

Tests: 2 tests
Reference range: <40 IU/mL (method-specific); positive above threshold.

Thyroglobulin Antibody

TgAb

Tests: 2 tests
Reference range: Typically <4–40 IU/mL; method- and laboratory-specific.

Thyroglobulin Antibody (Anti-TG)

Anti-TG

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: <115 IU/mL (negative) # REVIEWER FLAG: Confirm Access Medical Laboratories reference range for Anti-TG — positivity thresholds vary between immunoassay platforms. Some laboratories use <20 IU/mL; others <115 IU/mL depending on assay calibration. Confirm Access Medical Laboratories' specific cut-off.

Thyroid Peroxidase Antibodies

TPO Ab

Tests: 2 tests
Reference range: Dried blood spot typically <35 IU/mL; method-specific.

Thyroid Peroxidase Antibodies

Anti-TPO

Tests: 2 tests
Reference range: <34 IU/mL (negative); 34–100 IU/mL (borderline); >100 IU/mL (positive) # REVIEWER FLAG: Confirm Access Medical Laboratories reference range and positivity cut-off for Anti-TPO — thresholds vary between immunoassay platforms. Some laboratories use <35 IU/mL; confirm Access Medical Laboratories' specific cut-off and whether they report borderline/equivocal ranges.

Thyroid Peroxidase Antibodies (dried blood spot)

TPOAb

Tests: 3 tests
Reference range: Typically <35 IU/mL; manufacturer-specific cut-offs apply.

Thyroid Peroxidase Antibodies (dried blood spot)

TPO Ab

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Typically <35 IU/mL; assay-specific threshold.

Thyroid Peroxidase Antibody

TPOAb

Tests: 2 tests
Reference range: Typically <35 IU/mL; positivity thresholds vary by assay.

Thyroid Peroxidase Antibody (Anti-TPO, Anti-Microsomal Antibody)

Anti-TPO

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: <34 IU/mL (negative); 34–100 IU/mL (borderline); >100 IU/mL (positive) # REVIEWER FLAG: Confirm Access Medical Laboratories reference range and positivity cut-off for Anti-TPO — thresholds vary between immunoassay platforms. Some laboratories use <35 IU/mL as the upper limit of normal; others use <16 IU/mL or platform-specific cut-offs. Confirm whether Access Medical Laboratories designates a borderline/equivocal range on the report or reports only as positive/negative, and confirm the specific assay platform and methodology (electrochemiluminescence immunoassay — ECLIA, or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay — ELISA).

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone

TSH

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Approximately 0.4–4.5 mIU/L in non-pregnant adults; trimester-specific ranges apply in pregnancy

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (Thyrotropin)

TSH

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: 0.450–4.500 mIU/L # REVIEWER FLAG: Confirm LabCorp reference range for TSH on this specific panel code — LabCorp uses a third-generation TSH assay (functional sensitivity ≤0.02 mIU/L) with an established adult reference range of 0.450–4.500 mIU/L on their standard platform. Confirm whether the panel applies age-stratified reference intervals and whether critical value thresholds (<0.020 mIU/L and >20.000 mIU/L) are flagged on LabCorp's report.

Thyroid Stimulating Immunoglobulin (TSI)

TSI

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: <140% baseline (negative); ≥140% baseline (positive) # REVIEWER FLAG: Confirm whether TSI (or alternatively TRAb — thyrotropin receptor antibody) is included in the Access Medical Laboratories Thyroid Panel Comprehensive, and which assay format is used. TSI (bioassay measuring cAMP stimulation) and TRAb (competitive binding immunoassay measuring total TSH receptor antibody) are related but distinct assays — confirm which is included, the specific reference range, and unit convention before publication. If neither is included in the standard panel, remove this biomarker entry and note that TSI/TRAb is available as a standalone add-on.

Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone

TSH

Tests: 9 tests
Reference range: 0.45–4.50 mIU/L # REVIEWER FLAG: Confirm Access Medical Laboratories reference range for TSH — values vary between immunoassay platform generations. Third-generation TSH assays with functional sensitivity below 0.02 mIU/L are the clinical standard; confirm Access Medical Laboratories' assay sensitivity and reference interval.

Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone

TSH

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Approximately 0.4–4.0 mIU/L, assay-specific.

Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone

TSH

Tests: 5 tests
Reference range: Approximately 0.4–4.0 µIU/mL; intervals vary by assay and population, and dried blood spot TSH correlates well with serum but requires method-specific validation.

Tin (Sn), Urine, Random

Sn

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: <2.0 µg/g creatinine # REVIEWER FLAG: Confirm Mosaic Diagnostics reference range for urinary tin.

Tin (Urine)

Sn

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: <10 µg/g creatinine

Tissue Transglutaminase IgA Antibody

tTG-IgA

Tests: 2 tests
Reference range: <4 U/mL negative; 4–10 U/mL equivocal; >10 U/mL positive (laboratory-specific thresholds apply).

Tissue-Specific Autoantibodies (Multiple Target Antigens)

Array 5

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Negative (<1.0 index) for each antigen; borderline 1.0–1.1; elevated ≥1.1. Cyrex-specific thresholds apply.

Total 25-Hydroxyvitamin D (Capillary Dried Blood Spot)

25-OH-D (DBS)

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Method- and matrix-specific dried-blood-spot interval reported by ZRT Laboratory.

Total Aflatoxins

Aflatoxins

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Laboratory provides detection thresholds; any detection is significant.

Total Antioxidant Function

TAF

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Reported as a composite score reflecting intracellular antioxidant capacity; reference range and interpretation are SpectraCell proprietary.

Total Antioxidant Function and Antioxidant Nutrients (e.g. SPECTROX, glutathione, CoQ10, selenium, vitamin E, cysteine, alpha-lipoic acid)

Antioxidants

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Reported as a functional classification and, for total antioxidant capacity, a proprietary score # REVIEWER FLAG: The total-antioxidant-function score is a proprietary metric — reviewer to confirm how it is derived and reported.

Total Bilirubin

TBIL

Tests: 5 tests
Reference range: Approximately 0.1–1.2 mg/dL; varies by laboratory and Gilbert syndrome prevalence.

Total Bilirubin, Serum

T.Bili

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: 0.1–1.2 mg/dL (1.71–20.52 µmol/L) # REVIEWER FLAG: Confirm Quest Diagnostics reference range for total bilirubin. The upper limit varies between 1.0 and 1.2 mg/dL depending on the platform.

Total Carbon Dioxide (Bicarbonate)

CO₂

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Approximately 22–29 mmol/L; assay-specific.

Total Cholesterol

TC

Tests: 3 tests
Reference range: Desirable: <200 mg/dL (<5.2 mmol/L); borderline high: 200–239 mg/dL; high: ≥240 mg/dL # REVIEWER FLAG: Thresholds follow population guidance (e.g. ATP III / ACC-AHA) and are risk-context-dependent rather than absolute — reviewer to confirm framing and units.

Total Cholesterol

TC

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Desirable: <200 mg/dL (<5.17 mmol/L); Borderline high: 200–239 mg/dL; High: ≥240 mg/dL (≥6.21 mmol/L) # REVIEWER FLAG: Confirm LabCorp risk-category thresholds and whether they align with NCEP ATP III or the more nuanced ACC/AHA 2018 framework — which does not rely on total cholesterol categories for risk decision-making but uses it as a component of the Pooled Cohort Equations cardiovascular risk score.

Total Cortisol (Serum)

Cortisol

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Morning (approx. 8 am): 6–23 µg/dL (165–635 nmol/L); lower later in the day # REVIEWER FLAG: Reference intervals are time-of-day-specific and assay-dependent — reviewer to confirm against Quest's assay-specific ranges and the collection time assumed.

Total Immunoglobulin A

IgA

Tests: 2 tests
Reference range: Approximately 70–400 mg/dL (0.7–4.0 g/L), age-dependent.

Total Iron Binding Capacity

TIBC

Tests: 2 tests
Reference range: 250–450 µg/dL (44.8–80.6 µmol/L) # REVIEWER FLAG: Reference intervals are assay-dependent — reviewer to confirm against Access Medical Laboratories' assay-specific ranges.

Total Iron Binding Capacity (TIBC) and Unsaturated Iron Binding Capacity (UIBC)

TIBC / UIBC

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: TIBC: 250–370 µg/dL; UIBC: 131–425 µg/dL # REVIEWER FLAG: Confirm Access Medical Laboratories reference ranges for TIBC and UIBC — values vary between direct TIBC measurement and calculated TIBC (serum iron + UIBC) methods. Confirm which method Access Medical Laboratories uses — some laboratories measure UIBC directly and calculate TIBC; others measure TIBC directly.

Total Iron-Binding Capacity

TIBC

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: ~250–450 µg/dL (45–80 µmol/L) # REVIEWER FLAG: Confirm Quest range.

Total Mold Count

Total mould

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Typically <50 spores/mg in non-problem buildings; >100 spores/mg suggests contamination.

Total Mould Immunoreactivity Index

Mould IgG Index

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Negative or low composite; laboratory-specific interpretation.

Total Protein

TP

Tests: 3 tests
Reference range: 60–80 g/L (6.0–8.0 g/dL), laboratory-specific.

Total Protein, Serum

TP

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: 6.0–8.3 g/dL (60–83 g/L) # REVIEWER FLAG: Confirm Quest Diagnostics reference range for total protein.

Total Serum Calcium

Ca

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Approximately 8.5–10.5 mg/dL (2.1–2.6 mmol/L), albumin- and age-dependent.

Total Serum Immunoglobulin E

Total IgE

Tests: 3 tests
Reference range: Age-dependent; adults typically <100–150 kU/L, though reference limits vary by laboratory and population.

Total Testosterone

Total T

Tests: 2 tests
Reference range: Approximately 264–916 ng/dL (9.2–31.8 nmol/L) in adult men; 15–70 ng/dL (0.5–2.4 nmol/L) in adult women. Age- and sex-specific; consult laboratory intervals.

Total Testosterone (Female)

Total T (F)

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Female: 8–60 ng/dL (0.28–2.08 nmol/L) # REVIEWER FLAG: Female testosterone reference ranges are poorly standardised across assay platforms and have historically been calibrated on male-derived immunoassay protocols. Confirm Access Medical Laboratories female-specific reference range and assay method — LC-MS/MS provides superior accuracy for low female testosterone concentrations compared to immunoassay.

Total Testosterone by Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry

Total T (LC-MS/MS)

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Adult male approximately 250–1100 ng/dL; adult female approximately 8–60 ng/dL; paediatric ranges age- and Tanner-stage dependent.

Total Thyroxine

Total T4

Tests: 2 tests
Reference range: 4.5–12.0 µg/dL (58–154 nmol/L) # REVIEWER FLAG: Confirm Access Medical Laboratories assay-specific range.

Total Thyroxine (Total T4)

Total T4

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: 4.5–12.0 µg/dL (58.0–154.4 nmol/L) # REVIEWER FLAG: Confirm LabCorp reference range for Total T4 on this specific panel — confirm whether Total T4 is included in this panel code or whether only TSH and Free T4 are measured. If Total T4 is not included, remove this biomarker entry. LabCorp's standard Thyroid Panel (007399) has historically included Total T4 alongside TSH and Free T4; confirm the current configuration.

Total Triiodothyronine

Total T3

Tests: 2 tests
Reference range: 71–180 ng/dL (1.09–2.77 nmol/L) # REVIEWER FLAG: Confirm Access Medical Laboratories reference range for Total T3 and confirm whether Total T3 is included in the Thyroid Panel Comprehensive — some comprehensive panels include it alongside Free T3; others include only Free T3. If Total T3 is not included, remove this biomarker entry.

Toxic Elements in Hair (e.g. lead, mercury, arsenic, cadmium, aluminium)

Toxic Elements

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Reported against method-specific reference ranges per element # REVIEWER FLAG: Hair toxic-element reference ranges are method- and laboratory-specific and not standardised across laboratories; external contamination and hair treatment strongly affect results — reviewer to confirm Doctor's Data's intervals and their interpretive limits.

Transferrin Saturation (% Saturation)

Tsat

Tests: 4 tests
Reference range: 15–50% # REVIEWER FLAG: Confirm Access Medical Laboratories reporting of transferrin saturation — confirm whether it is calculated and reported automatically from serum iron and TIBC, or whether the practitioner calculates it independently. Reference range varies slightly between laboratories.

Transforming Growth Factor Beta 1 Gene Variant

TGF-β1 SNP

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Wild-type, heterozygous variant, or homozygous variant reported.

Trichoderma viride IgE

Tri v IgE

Tests: 2 tests
Reference range: <0.35 kU/L negative; 0.35–0.69 equivocal; ≥0.70 positive.

Trichothecene Mycotoxins

Trichothecenes

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Laboratory provides detection thresholds; presence is significant.

Trichothecenes — Type A and Type B (including Satratoxins, Roridins, Verrucarin, Deoxynivalenol, T-2 Toxin), Urine

Trichothecenes

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: # REVIEWER FLAG: Confirm the specific trichothecene analytes measured by Mosaic Diagnostics in the MycoTOX Profile — the panel is known to include both Type A (T-2, HT-2, Diacetoxyscirpenol) and Type B (deoxynivalenol, DON; nivalenol) trichothecenes, plus the macrocyclic trichothecenes (Satratoxin G, Satratoxin H, Roridin A, Roridin E, Roridin H, Roridin L-2, Verrucarin A, Verrucarin J) that are specifically produced by Stachybotrys chartarum (black mould). Confirm which trichothecene analytes are discretely reported and their individual reference ranges.

Triglycerides

TG

Tests: 4 tests
Reference range: Normal: <150 mg/dL (<1.7 mmol/L); borderline high: 150–199 mg/dL; high: 200–499 mg/dL; very high: ≥500 mg/dL (pancreatitis risk) # REVIEWER FLAG: Thresholds and fasting versus non-fasting interpretation are guideline-dependent — reviewer to confirm framing and units.

Triglycerides

TG

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Normal: <150 mg/dL (<1.69 mmol/L); Borderline high: 150–199 mg/dL; High: 200–499 mg/dL; Very high: ≥500 mg/dL (≥5.65 mmol/L) # REVIEWER FLAG: Confirm LabCorp triglyceride reference category thresholds — the above reflect AHA/ACC classification. Confirm whether LabCorp uses these categories or different numerical boundaries.

Tryptase, Serum (Total — Alpha and Beta)

Tryptase

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: <11.4 ng/mL (baseline/resting) # REVIEWER FLAG: Confirm Quest Diagnostics reference range for total serum tryptase — the 11.4 ng/mL upper limit of normal is the established threshold used across most reference laboratory platforms and is aligned with WHO systemic mastocytosis criteria; confirm Quest's specific threshold and whether they apply the same 11.4 ng/mL cut-off or a platform-specific value. Confirm assay methodology — ImmunoCAP fluorescent enzyme immunoassay (Thermo Fisher) is the dominant clinical platform; confirm whether Quest uses this or an alternative assay, as cross-platform comparability is limited.

Tumour Necrosis Factor Alpha Gene Variant

TNF-α SNP

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Wild-type, heterozygous variant, or homozygous variant reported.

Tungsten (Urine)

W

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: <0.5 µg/g creatinine

Tungsten (W), Urine, Random

W

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: <0.2 µg/g creatinine # REVIEWER FLAG: Confirm Mosaic Diagnostics reference range for urinary tungsten — population reference values are not widely standardised.

U

Uranium (Hair)

U

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Typically <0.01–0.05 µg/g; geographic variation reflects natural groundwater uranium content.

Uranium (U), Urine, Random

U

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: <0.03 µg/g creatinine # REVIEWER FLAG: Confirm Mosaic Diagnostics reference range for urinary uranium — natural background urinary uranium is extremely low; reference intervals are highly sensitive to geographic water source variation.

Uranium (Urine)

U

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: <0.05 µg/g creatinine

Urinalysis with Microscopy

UA

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: pH: 5.0–8.0; Specific gravity: 1.002–1.030; Protein: negative; Glucose: negative; Ketones: negative; Blood: negative; Leucocyte esterase: negative; Nitrites: negative; WBC: 0–5 per HPF; RBC: 0–3 per HPF; Casts: none # REVIEWER FLAG: Confirm Access Medical Laboratories urinalysis reporting format and reference thresholds.

Urinary Aluminium

Al

Tests: 2 tests
Reference range: Laboratory-specific; typically <20 µg/g creatinine in unexposed populations.

Urinary Arsenic

As

Tests: 2 tests
Reference range: Laboratory-specific; total arsenic typically <50 μg/g creatinine; inorganic plus metabolite fraction <10 μg/g creatinine.

Urinary Cadmium

Cd

Tests: 2 tests
Reference range: Non-smokers typically <1–2 µg/g creatinine; smokers may exceed 2 µg/g creatinine.

Urinary Calcium

UCa

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Random urine 0–20 mg/dL; calcium:creatinine ratio typically <0.20 mg/mg or <0.57 mmol/mmol.

Urinary Cobalt

Co

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Typically <2 µg/g creatinine in unexposed populations.

Urinary Free Cortisol-to-Cortisone Ratio

F/E

Tests: 2 tests
Reference range: Laboratory-specific; typically 0.5–2.0.

Urinary Iodine

I

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: WHO defines population adequacy as median 100–199 µg/L; individual spot results interpreted with caution.

Urinary Lead

Pb

Tests: 2 tests
Reference range: Typically <5 µg/g creatinine in unexposed populations; blood lead is the primary biomarker for recent exposure.

Urinary Mercury

Hg

Tests: 2 tests
Reference range: Typically <5 µg/g creatinine in populations without occupational or dental amalgam exposure.

Urinary Selenium

Se

Tests: 2 tests
Reference range: Typically 20–100 µg/g creatinine; serum or whole-blood selenium is a more stable biomarker of status.

Urine Albumin

Alb

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: <20 mg/L in a random specimen.

Urine Amylase

Amy

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Approximately 0–460 U/24 h; assay-specific and age-dependent.

Urine Creatinine

Cr

Tests: 3 tests
Reference range: Approximately 20–320 mg/dL in random specimens; highly variable with hydration and muscle mass.

V

Varicella-Zoster Virus IgG Antibody

VZV IgG

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Negative: <0.90 index; Equivocal: 0.90–1.09 index; Positive: ≥1.10 index # REVIEWER FLAG: Confirm Access Medical Laboratories reporting format and cut-off values — some platforms report in IU/mL (negative <100 IU/mL, positive ≥100 IU/mL) rather than index value. Verify against Access Medical Laboratories assay documentation before publication.

Vegetarian Food Reactivity Profile

Reactivity Profile

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Foods are classified as negative, borderline, or elevated (moderate/high) for each antibody class; the panel reports reactivity across 198 vegetarian foods.

Verrucarin A

VER-A

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: <0.40 ng/mg creatinine

Vitamin and Cofactor Markers

Methylmalonate, formiminoglutamate, kynurenate, xanthurenate, pyridoxate

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Laboratory-specific functional ranges

Vitamin and Cofactor Metabolism Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms

VDR, GC, FUT2, BCMO1 variants

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Genotype at loci affecting vitamin D receptor signalling, vitamin D binding, secretor status, and beta-carotene conversion.

Vitamin and Nutrient Metabolism Gene Panel

Nutrient Metabolism

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Genotype result reported per variant; no numeric reference range applies # REVIEWER FLAG: Genotype result — reviewer to confirm reported variants.

Vitamin B12

B12

Tests: 5 tests
Reference range: 200–900 pg/mL (148–664 pmol/L) # REVIEWER FLAG: Confirm Access Medical Laboratories reference range for serum vitamin B12 — the lower limit of the reference range (200 pg/mL) is widely recognised as insensitive for B12 deficiency; many patients with levels between 200 and 400 pg/mL have functional B12 deficiency detectable only by elevated methylmalonic acid and homocysteine. Confirm whether Access Medical Laboratories reports a separate 'grey zone' or borderline range.

Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin)

B12

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: 200–900 pg/mL (148–664 pmol/L) # REVIEWER FLAG: Confirm Quest assay-specific range and indeterminate-zone definition.

Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin), Serum (Total)

B12

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: 200–900 pg/mL (148–664 pmol/L) # REVIEWER FLAG: Confirm Access Medical Laboratories reference range for serum vitamin B12 — the lower limit of 200 pg/mL is widely recognised in the clinical literature as insufficiently sensitive for identifying functional B12 deficiency; many laboratories use 200 pg/mL as the lower limit, but patients with serum B12 between 200 and 400 pg/mL may have functional deficiency detectable by elevated methylmalonic acid (MMA) and/or total homocysteine. Confirm whether Access Medical Laboratories designates a 'borderline' or 'grey zone' range (typically 200–400 pg/mL) on their report to prompt functional marker follow-up, and confirm assay methodology — competitive binding luminescence immunoassay (CBLIA) is the dominant platform.

VLDL Cholesterol (Very Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol)

VLDL-C

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: 5–40 mg/dL (0.13–1.04 mmol/L) # REVIEWER FLAG: Confirm whether VLDL-C is reported as a standard component of the LabCorp Lipid Panel — VLDL-C is typically a derived value (TG ÷ 5 by the Friedewald assumption) and may or may not be explicitly reported depending on LabCorp's panel configuration. Confirm whether VLDL is reported as a discrete value or only implicitly reflected in the LDL-C calculation.

W

Wheat Specific IgE

f4 Wheat sIgE

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Class 0 (<0.35 kU/L) negative; Classes 1–6 semiquantitative.

White Blood Cell Count with 5-Part Automated Differential

WBC w/ Diff

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: WBC Total: 4.0–10.5 ×10³/µL; Neutrophils: 50–70% (1.8–7.5 ×10³/µL); Lymphocytes: 20–40% (1.0–4.8 ×10³/µL); Monocytes: 2–10% (0.2–1.0 ×10³/µL); Eosinophils: 1–4% (0.0–0.5 ×10³/µL); Basophils: 0–1% (0.0–0.1 ×10³/µL) # REVIEWER FLAG: Confirm Access Medical Laboratories reference ranges for WBC total and all differential sub-components — values may be age-stratified and vary between analyser platforms.

White Blood Cell Count with 5-Part Automated Differential

WBC w/ Diff

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: WBC Total: 4.5–11.0 ×10³/µL; Neutrophils: 45–75% (1.8–7.7 ×10³/µL); Lymphocytes: 16–45% (0.9–5.2 ×10³/µL); Monocytes: 4–11% (0.2–0.9 ×10³/µL); Eosinophils: 0–8% (0.0–0.7 ×10³/µL); Basophils: 0–3% (0.0–0.2 ×10³/µL) # REVIEWER FLAG: Confirm Quest Diagnostics reference ranges for WBC total and all differential sub-components — values are age-stratified in paediatric populations and may differ from adult reference ranges. Verify absolute count reference intervals against Quest's current platform documentation, as these differ materially from the percentage ranges and are more clinically actionable.

White Blood Cell Count with 5-Part Differential

WBC w/ Diff

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: WBC Total: 4.0–10.5 ×10³/µL; Neutrophils: 50–70% (1.8–7.5 ×10³/µL); Lymphocytes: 20–40% (1.0–4.8 ×10³/µL); Monocytes: 2–10% (0.2–1.0 ×10³/µL); Eosinophils: 1–4% (0.0–0.5 ×10³/µL); Basophils: 0–1% (0.0–0.1 ×10³/µL) # REVIEWER FLAG: Confirm Boston Heart Diagnostics reference ranges for WBC total and all differential sub-components — reference intervals may be age-stratified and vary between analyser platforms.

Y

Yeast and Fungal Metabolites

Candida markers

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Laboratory-specific ranges for D-arabinitol, tartarate, citramalate, 3-oxoglutarate

Yeast and Fungal Organisms

Yeast

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: None to trace; laboratory-specific thresholds for Candida species, Geotrichum, and other yeasts.

Yeast and Fungi

Yeast

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: None to 1+ (low levels); ≥2+ may be clinically relevant.

Z

Zearalenone

ZEA

Tests: 2 tests
Reference range: Below assay detection threshold considered normal # REVIEWER FLAG: Confirm RealTime cut-off.

Zearalenone and Metabolites, Urine

ZEA / α-ZAL / β-ZAL

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: # REVIEWER FLAG: Confirm Mosaic Diagnostics reference range for urinary zearalenone and metabolites — confirm whether zearalenone, alpha-zearalanol (α-ZAL), and beta-zearalanol (β-ZAL) are measured as discrete metabolites or as a combined value.

Zinc

Zn

Tests: 3 tests
Reference range: 70–120 µg/dL (10.7–18.4 µmol/L) # REVIEWER FLAG: Reference intervals are assay- and specimen-dependent (plasma vs serum) and may vary by time of day and fasting status — reviewer to confirm against Access Medical Laboratories' assay-specific range.

Zinc (Blood)

Zn

Tests: 3 tests
Reference range: Serum zinc approximately 60–120 µg/dL, age- and sex-dependent; fasting specimen preferred.

Zinc (Urine)

Zn

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Laboratory-specific; typically 200–800 μg/g creatinine.

Zinc, Urine

Zn

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Approximately 150–900 µg/g creatinine; wide variation due to homeostatic regulation.

Zonulin

Tests: 3 tests
Reference range: Laboratory-specific; Genova reports functional thresholds rather than population-derived reference intervals.

Zonulin (Faecal), by immunoassay

Zonulin

Tests: 1 test
Reference range: Reported against the laboratory's own reference population; no standardised or validated reference interval exists, and values are not comparable between commercial assays

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