What is Detoxification and Phase II Markers?
Glucarate is a marker of hepatic cytochrome P450 induction and glucuronidation capacity; elevated urinary glucarate reflects upregulation of Phase I and II detoxification, often in response to xenobiotic or endobiotic load. Sulfate excretion reflects sulphation capacity, important for detoxifying phenols and steroid hormones. Pyroglutamate may accumulate when glutathione synthesis is impaired or demand is high. Orotate accumulates in urea cycle dysfunction or when mitochondrial carbamoyl phosphate is diverted to pyrimidine synthesis.