What is Dopamine, 24-Hour Urine?
Dopamine is synthesised from L-tyrosine via L-DOPA through the sequential actions of tyrosine hydroxylase and DOPA decarboxylase. In urine, dopamine derives from renal tubular cells (which synthesise and excrete dopamine locally), peripheral sympathetic neurons, the adrenal medulla, and intestinal enteroendocrine cells. Central dopaminergic neurons contribute negligibly to urinary dopamine levels given the blood-brain barrier. Dopamine is catabolised to homovanillic acid (HVA) via COMT and MAO pathways.