What is Immune Age (Epigenetic Immune Cell Composition and Immune Ageing Score)?
DNA methylation-based immune cell deconvolution uses the cell-type-specific methylation signatures of different leucocyte populations — CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, natural killer cells, B cells, monocytes, and granulocytes — to estimate the proportional composition of the peripheral blood immune cell landscape from a bulk blood DNA methylation sample. Age-related immune remodelling — termed immunosenescence — is characterised by a progressive shift toward decreased naïve T cells, increased exhausted effector memory CD8+ T cells, NK cell functional decline, and accumulation of senescent immune cells. These compositional changes are captured in the methylation signature and quantified as an epigenetic immune age estimate.