What is Transforming Growth Factor Beta 1 Gene Variant?
Transforming growth factor beta 1 is a pleiotropic cytokine with both proinflammatory and regulatory functions, controlling T-cell differentiation, fibroblast activation, and extracellular matrix deposition. Genetic polymorphisms such as the +869T>C (Leu10Pro, rs1982073) and +915G>C (Arg25Pro, rs1800471) variants alter TGF-β1 secretion and signalling; some are associated with higher circulating levels and increased risk of fibrotic and autoimmune disease.